Two Major Divisions  Axial – _____, hyoid, _____, _____ cage  Appendicular – _____, _____, pelvic girdle

Functions of Skeleton  _____, _____, hematopoiesis, stores mineral _____, provides sites for _____ attachment

Bone Anatomy  Periosteum – tough outer covering; _____ connective; contains _____ _____ that enter and service bone cells  Medullary cavity – inner cavity of diaphysis; houses _____ marrow (_____ cells)  Epiphysis – end of long bone; contains epiphyseal disk; _____ bone; covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage; _____ marrow (hematopoiesis)  Diaphysis – middle shaft of bone; mostly _____ bone

Bone Anatomy  Endosteum – inner lining of _____ cavity; connective tissue covered with simple squamous; highly vascular (full of _____ _____)  Canaliculi – microscopic canals within bone tissue through which bone cells _____ with each other and to the _____ supply  Lacunae – microscopic chambers that house osteocytes

Bone Anatomy

Two Types of Bone  Spongy – many _____ (lowers _____); spaces filled with _____ marrow; trabeculae (give strength)  Compact – dense; lacks _____; central canal (houses blood vessels and nerves); lamellae (concentric layers) around _____ canal (Haversian system); Haversian systems are closely packed, hence _____ bone

Two Types of Bone Haversian System (or osteon)

Internal Bone Anatomy

Bone Growth  OsteoBlasts – cells that B_____ up bone; make new matrix then mineralize it via e_____  OsteoClasts – cells that C_____ bone; dissolve the mineralized matrix of bone by releasing H + ions (acidic) then digest it with_____; dissolved minerals put into blood stream when needed; contain many vesicles – Why?? Osteoblasts and osteoclasts work together to maintain bone structure _____. Explain braces on teeth  Epiphyseal disk – “_____ _____”; cartilaginous tissue (hyaline) where _____ occurs; ossification begins around 17, ends around 25

Bone Growth Hand of a 3-year Old (lots of cartilage) Adult Hand (White = dense; Gray/Black = less dense)

Bone Repair  Hematoma – _____ clot, inflammation, pain  Fibrocartilage callus – mass of collagenous fibers and fibrocartilage fills in space of breakage; _____ cells move in and clean up; reconstruction begins  Bony callus – o_____ move in and ossify fibrocartilage callus into spongy bone  Remodeling – _____ build up compact bone and _____ break down the spongy bone and build new medullary cavity. In general, a. _____ break down bone, remove worn cells, and deposit ______ in the blood. b. After about 3 weeks, the osteoclasts disappear. c. Then, _____ reverse work done by osteoclasts, taking Ca from the blood and depositing it in _____.  Skeletal System Overview (3:45) Skeletal System Overview  Remolding Animation (2:44) Remolding Animation (2:44)

Fractures  Two main types: Simple – bone is broken, but _____ is not lacerated ○ Transverse – fracture occurs at right angle of bone ○ Greenstick – fracture on one side of the bone ○ Comminuted – fracture that results in three or more bone _____ Open/Compound – bone breaks and lacerates the _____; risk of _____

Fractures Transverse GreenstickComminuted Compound Types of Fractures (2:07)

Treatments for Broken Bones  Four Treatments: C_____ S_____ (in which screws and/or rods can be used) Electrical stimulation (speeds up _____, suppresses osteo_____ function) Ultrasound (speeds up _____, stimulates chondrocytes to make callus)

The Skull  Sinuses – _____ skull; voice resonance; _____ buffer; air humidifier; lots of mucous membranes; sinusitis (_____ cannot drain properly due to _____)

The Skull  Fontanels – “_____ _____”; occur because of the protein noggin (delays fusion of cranial bones)  Sutures – held together by _____ connective tissue

The Spine  Abnormal curvatures: _____ (pregnancy, big gut) _____ (hunchback) _____ (lateral curvature)  Possess many processes for _____ attachment (transverse and spinous)  Intervertebral disks (can _____ under stress)

Spine Anatomy

The Spine (abnormal curvatures) Lordosis Kyphosis Scoliosis

The Spine (herniated disk) Herniated disk treatments (3:11)

Joints  Three basic types of joints: _____ (sutures) _____ movable (vertebrae) _____ movable – synovial (elbow, shoulder, etc)

Disorders  Sprains overstretching of a _____  Rheumatoid arthritis chronic _____ inflammatory disorder that typically affects joints in your hands and feet  Osteoarthritis the most common form of arthritis; occurs when _____ in joints wears down over time  Gout occurs when sharp, needle-like uric acid crystals accumulate around joint, causing _____ and intense _____

Disorders

Effects of Aging  Cartilage calcifies  Osteoporosis  Slower, less effective healing – Why?  Osteoporosis (5:05) Osteoporosis (5:05)