1. Skeletal System FUNCTIONS OF SKELETON Support of trunk and skull
Protection of underling organs
Movement - attachment for muscles
Mineral homeostasis
Hemopoiesis - all blood cells
Energy Storage
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Seasmoid bone develop within a tendon
Wormian bones tiny bones in between major skull bones
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2. PARTS OF A LONG BONE Periosteum outer fibrous protective covering
Diaphysis - shaft
Mainly compact bone
Medullary cavity
contains yellow marrow
lined with endosteum
Periosteum outer fibrous protective covering
osteogenic layer
attached to bone by Sharpey’s fibers
serves as an insertion for ligaments and tendons.
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Epiphyses -proximal and distal ends
covered with articular cartilage
mainly spongy (cancellous) bone
trabeculae (small needle like projections)
red marrow-hematopoietic
contains the epiphyseal (growth) plate

3. Bone Features Joint Structures Fossa Condyle Epicondyle Head
For Muscle attachment
Trochanter
Tuberosity
Process
Crest
Linea
Fovea
Tubercle
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Passageways for vessels, etc.
Foramen
Fissure
Meatus
Space within a Bone - Sinus

4. Compact and Spongy Bone
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5. MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE
Spongy bone microscopic structure
trabeculae
spaces filled with red marrow
Compact bone Microscopic structure
Made of osteons (Haversian System)
concentric lamellae (calcified matrix)
central canal containing blood vessels and nerves
osteocytes in lacunae
Canals carrying nutrients to osteocytes
Canaliculi -connecting lacunae
Volkmans's -connecting osteons (right angles to central canals)
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Chemical structure
Organic components (35%)
Cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Osteoid - mainly collagen for tensile strength
Inorganic component - 65% (hydroxyapatite- calcium phosphate) gives hardness to bone.

6. Embryonic Bone Development (Osteogeneis)
fontanel
Intramembranous (ossification of fibrous CT) - flat bones
Osteoprogenitor cell differentiate into osteoblasts
Ossification's centers develop in the center of the bone
Periosteum develops and blood vessels invade developing centers
Endochondral (Ossification of hyaline cartilage) - long bones
Calcified cartilage
Ossification centers (primary & secondary)
Invasion of blood vessels
Formation of the medullary cavity
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Epiphyseal plate

7. BONE GROWTH Physical Stress – stimulates bone growth
Width (appositional growth)- occurs in nutrient periosteum
Bone remoldeing - resorption and depositing
Length (longitudinal growth) - Epiphyseal plate
Proliferation zone
Zone of hypertrophy
Calcification of dead cells
Bone trabeculae --> Compact bone
Factors effecting bone growth/homeostasis
Nutrition - Ca, P, Mg, vitamins, A, C and D.
Hormones in general – Growth,Thyroid,Sex
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Hormones that maintain blood calcium
Parathyroid - released when?
Vitamin D for Ca+ absorption
Resorption of Ca+ by kidneys
Stimulation of osteoclasts
Calcitonin - released when?
stimulates osteoblast activity

8. Bone Fractures Fracture Repair Osteoporosis Animation & another source
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