Jain Agam Literature Pravin K. Shah Jain Study Center of North Carolina (Raleigh) 509 Carriage Woods Circle Raleigh NC 27607-3969 919-859-4994 and fax E-mail: education@jaina.org Website: www.jaina.org

Index Jain Agam (Canonical) Literature Commentary on Jain Agams Definition Classification Listings of Sutras Summary of Agams by Jainsects History of Preservation Agam substitute Literature of Digambar Authors of Agam Literature Agam Sutras based on Fourteen Purvas Commentary on Jain Agams Niryukti Bhasya Churni Tika Summary of Jain Literature Various Subjects / Languages Jain Authors Important Jain scriptures

Jain Agam (Canonical) Literature (Shrut, Sutra, Dvadsangi, Ganipitikas, Siddhant) Definition Absolute Point of View (Reader/Listener) Enhances Spiritual Life Finds Happiness within Reduces kashays (greed, anger, lust, ego etc.) within Empirical Point of View (Author/Speaker) Teaching of Jina (Aapt, Tirthankar, Arihant, Arhat) who has conquered attachment and aversion Preach Universal Truth Conduct - Equanimity, Universal affection, Friendship Thought - Principle of Relativity Language Ardha-maghadhi 400 to 100 B.C. Jain Maharachtri 100 to 500 AD.

Jain Sects Jain Sects Digambar Monks - no cloths Swetambar Monks - white cloths Murtipujak Nonmurtipujak Murtipujak Nonmurtipujak Bisa-panthi Bhattarak Tradition Orthodox murtipujak Taran-panthi Taran-taran-swami Murtipujak Orthodox murtipujak Sthanak-vasi Lokashah (14th Cen) Terah-panthi Banarasidas (18th Cen) Simple murtipujak Tera-panthi Acharya Bhikku (16th Cen)

Jain Agam Literature Jain Agam Literature (Jain Scriptures) Ang-agams 12 Scriptures (all sects) Ganadhars Angbahya-agams 14/34/21 Scriptures 14/10 Purvi Acharyas 11 Ang-agams Swetambar - all survived Digambar - all extinct 12th Ang-agam Drastivad 14 Purvas - all extinct Digambar Angbahya-agams 14 scriptures (all sects) All extinct Swetambar Angbahya-agams 34/21 Scriptures All survived Five Parikarmas Upang 12 Murtipujak 12 Non-murtipujak Sutra Chhed-sutra 6 Murtipujak 4 Non-murtipujak Prathamanuyog Mool-sutra 4 Murtipujak 3 Non-murtipujak Fourteen Purva-gatas Chulika 2 Murtipujak 2 Non-murtipujak Five Chulikas Prakirna 10 Murtipujak 0 Non-murtipujak

Ang-pravistha Agam Direct Teachings of Lord Mahavir Composed by Ganadhars 12 Ang-pravishta Agams Digambar (all sects) All 12 Ang-agams are extinct during 364 B.C. to 157 AD. Shwetambar (all sects) 11 Ang-agams are survived 12th Ang Agam is extinct during 356 BC to 474 AD.

Ang-pravistha Agams Acharang Sutra-kratang Sthanang Samavay-ang Vhakhya-prajnapti or Bhagavati Jnata-dharma-kathang Upasaka-dashang Antahkra-dashang Anuttaroupa-patika-dashang Prashna-vyakran Vipaka-sutra Drishti-pravada or Drishtivad

Drishti-pravada-anga 12th Ang-agam Divided into Five Parts: Five Parikarmas Sutra Pratham-anuyoga Fourteen Purva-gatas or Purvas Five Chulikas

Drishti-pravada-anga Five Parikarmas Chandra-prajnapti Surya-prajnapti Jambu-dvipa-prajnapti Dvip-prajnapti Vyakhya-prajnapti Sutra An account of 363 false creeds Pratham-anuyoga Life stories of 63 great Leaders 24 Tirthankars 12 Chakra-vartis 9 Narayans or Vasudevs 9 Prati-narayans or Prati-vasudevs 9 Bal-bhadras or Baldevs

Listings of 14 Purvas Utpada-purva describes the origination, destruction, and permanance nature of substances Agraya-niya describes seven tattvas, and six dravyas Viryanu-vad describes the power and qualities of living and nonliving substances. Asti-nasti-pravad Seven ways (saydvad) of considering things and their usage. Jnana-pravad Eight types of knowledge (Jnana) Satya-pravad Description of truth, silence, speakers Atma-pravad Description of soul (Atma) from Nischaya and Vyavahar point of view

Listings of 14 Purvas (Cont..) Karma-pravad Bondage and its modification of karma to the soul Pratya-khyan Description of vows, penances, repentances, and renounciation of bad things. Vidyanu-vad Acquiring special power by learning various Mantras and other knowledge Kalyan-vad Description of the grand celebrations of great events (Kalyanak) Prana-vad knowledge about removal of pains caused by spirit, ghost, snake etc. Kriya-visal Description 72 arts of man and 64 arts of woman Triloka-bindu-sara Way of attaing Moksha and glory and hapiness of it.

Chulika knowledge acquires extra ordinary power Five Chulikas Chulika knowledge acquires extra ordinary power Jala-gata power to walk on water, staying in the water, passing through fire etc Sthala-gata travel to mount Meru, Mahavideh etc Maya-gata power to perform miracles Rupa-gata transformation of body into various forms. Akasa-gata travel into space

Ang-bahya Agams: Composed by Sthaviras. Digambar Shwetambar 14 or 10 Purvi Acharyas Digambar All sects - 14 Shwetambar Murti-pujak - 34 Non-murti-pujak - 21

Digambar's Ang-bahya Agams 1. Samayik 2. Samstava 3. Vandana 4. Prati-kraman 5. Vinaya 6. Kriti-karma 7. Das-vaikalik 8. Uttar-adhyayan 9. Kalpa-vyavahara 10. Kalpa-kalpa 11. Mahakalpa-sanjnaka 12. Pundarika 13. Maha-pundarika 14. Nishidika All 14 Ang-bahya Agams are extinct during 364 B.C. to 157 A.D.

Shwetambar's Ang-bahya Agams Sect.......................... Upang Agams A 12 B 12 Chhed-sutra Agams 6 4 Mul-sutra Agams 4 3 Chulika-sutra Agams 2 2 Prakirna Agams 10 Total 34 21 A = Swetambar Murti-pujak sect B = Swetambar Nonmurti-pujak sect

Shwetambar's Ang-bahya Agams Upang Agams Aupa-patika Raja-prasniya Jivabhigam Prajnapana Jambu-dvipa-prajnapti Surya-prajnapti Chandra-prajnapti Nirayavali or Kalpika Kalpa-vatansika Pushpika Pushpa-chulika Vrashni-dasha Accepted by Murti Pujak and Non-murti Pujak sects.

Shwetambar's Ang-bahya Agams: Chhed-sutra Agams: Nishitha Maha-nishitha Vyavahara* Das-sruta-skandha Brahat-kalpa Panch-kalpa (now extinct) or Jit-kalpa* Mul-sutra Agams Avasyaka Dasha-vaikalika Uttara-dhyan Ogha-niryukti or Pinda-niryukti* Chulika-sutra Agams Nandi-sutra Anuyoga-dvara * Not accepted by Non-murti pujak sect

Shwetambar's Ang-bahya Agams: Prakirna Agams Chatuh-sarana Samstarak Atura-pratya-khyana Bhakti-parijna Tandul-vaitalika Chandra-vedhyaka Devendra-stav Ganit-vidya Maha-pratya-khyan Vir-stava None are accepted by Non-murti pujak sect

Agam Summary by Jain Sects Digambar (all sects) 12th Ang Agam (14 Purvas) extinct by 356 BC Remaining 11 Angs and 14 Ang-bahya extinct by 157 AD Agam Substitute Literature Satkhand Agam Kashay-pahud Four Anuyogs Shwetambar (all sects) 12th Ang Agam (14 Purvas) extinct by 474 AD 11 Ang-pravishta Agams Survived Shwetambar Murtipujak Accepts 34 Ang-bahya Agams Shwetambar Nonmurtipujak Accepts 21 Ang-bahya Agams

History of Preservation First Recension (226 BC) Patali-putra by Sthulibhadra 11 Ang Agams orally complied 14 Purvas not remembered Later Sthulibhadra complied 10 Purvas Second Recension (374 AD to 387 AD) Mathura by Skandil Valabhi by Nagarjun Agams and Anuyogs documented Third Recension (527 AD) Valabhi by Devardhi-gani Prakirnas documented Agams and Anuyogs reviewed/preserved Differences documented in Churni Agam works settled (Catalog in Nandi Sutra) Current Status Deviation from Nandi Sutra Many Prakirnas are extinct Vir-stava and Pind-niryukti added afterwords

Commentary Literature To study Jain agams, one requires to study complete Panchagini of each Agam. Panchagini (Five Types) Original Sutras Niryukti Bhasya Churni Tika

Niryukti Literature Written on Agam sutras Prakrit Language Poetic Form and Short Provides General Meaning Contains Historical Incidences Old Traditions, Stories, and Examples Philosophy, Principles, and Conducts Author - Bhadrabahu-swami (second) Written on 10 Agams before 600 AD Independent Niryukties Sanstarak Niryukti Govind Niryukti or Darshan Prabhavak Shastra Aradhana Niryukti

Bhasya Literature Written on Agam and Niryukti Prakrit Language Poetic Form Provides Specific Meaning Contains Prachin (old) Anushruties Jatak Stories Provides Good Understanding of History of Jainism Conducts and Behavior of Monks Authors Sanghdas-gani Jinbhadra-gani Written - 400 to 600 A.D.

Churni Literature Written on Agam, Niryukti, Bhasya Prakrit mixed Sanskrit Language Prose Form Contains Jatak and Religious Stories Provides Good Understanding Social Customs Business Food Habits Festivals Clothing of people Author - Jindas-gani Mahattar 600 AD

Tika Literature Written on Agam sutras, Niryukti, Bhasya, and Churni Sanskrit mixed with Prakrit stories Most Important to understand Agam literature Prominent Tika Authors Haribhadra-suri (705 to 755 A.D.) Prajnapana, Avasyaka*, Nandi, Dasha-vaikalika*, Anuyoga-dvara Shilanka-suri (8th century) Acharang, Sutra-kratang Abhaydev (11th century) 9 of 11 Ang agams Malladhari Hemchandra (11th century) Anuyogdvar Acharya Malay-giri (11th century) Nandi, Prajnapana, Jiva-bhigama, Brahat-kalpa, Rajpashniya, Chandra-pragnapti, Avasyak* Shanti-suri (1563 A.D.) Uttara-dhyan Sutra Vrahat Tika*

Jain Literature Classification Code English Name Prakrit Name A Metaphics Tattvajnan B Spiritual/Philosophy Adhyatma C Meditation Yoga, Dhyan D Karma Karma E Logic Darshan, Naya, Praman F Conduct Charnanuyoga G Morality Niti, Upadesh H Astronomy Lok Svarup J Story, Biography Puran, Katha, Rupak, Vyang K Ritual and Sutras Stotra, Mantra, Puja M Drama and Poetry Lalit Kavya, Kavya Shastra, Natak N Figures of speech Alankar P Dictionary Dictionary, Kosha, Lokjnan Q Grammar Vyakaran R Mathematics Ganit S Astrology Jyotish T Physics Padarth Vijnan U Politics Rajniti

Jain Authors Kundkunda-charya (1st century) Ashta Pahud B Baras Anuvekkha (Anupreksha) B Das Bhakti Granth B Niyamsar B Panchastikaya B Pravachansar B Samaysar B Umaswati or Umaswami (2nd century) Tattvarth Sutra A Prashama-rati Prakarana B Tattvarth Bhasya A Siddhasen Divakar or Gandh-hasti (5th century) Dvatrishika Stotra K Kalyan Mandir Stotra (S) K Nyayavatar E Sanmati-tark (prakaran) E Tattvarth Bhasya A

Jain Authors Samant-bhadra (5th century) Apta Mimansa (Devagma Stotra) E Ratna Karand Shravakachar F Stuti Vidya K Svayambhu Stotra K Pujyapad or Devanandi (6th century) Ishtopadesh G Jainendra Vyakaran Q Samadhi Sataka Samadhi Tantra C Sarvarth Siddhi (Tattvarth tika) A Siddhi Priya Stotra K Akalank (7th century) Ashtashati (Apta Mimansha tika) E Lagiyasraya E Nyaya Vinishchaya E Praman Sangraha E Siddhi Vinishchaya E

Jain Authors Haribhadra-suri (8th century) Anekant Jaya Pataka E Anuyogadvara C Asada-kavikrata Upadesha F Dharma Bindu F Dharma Samgrahani F Dhurta-khyan J Jambudvipa Prajnaapti R Jiva-bhigam A Kandati C Lalit Vistra M Nandi P Nyaya Pravesh (tika-non Jain text E Samaraicchakaha J Savay Pannitti Shad-darshan Samuccaya A

Jain Authors Haribhadra-suri (8th century) cont... Tattvarth Sloka Vriti A Upadesha Pada G Yoga Bindu C Yoga Drasti Samucchaya C Yoga Shataka C Vidyananda (8th century) Apta Pariksha E Ashta Sahasri (Apta Mimansa tika)E Naya-vivarnam E Patrapariksa E Praman Pariksha E Satya Shasan Pariksha E Tattvarth Shloka Vartika (tika) A

Jain Authors Nemichandra Siddhant Chakravarti (10th century) Brahat Dravya Sangraha A Gomatsar Jivakanda D Gomatsar Karmakanda D Kshetra Ganita L Labdhisar (Gomatsar purak) D Raghava Pandaviya Kavya M Triloksar H Somdev (10th century) Adhyatma Tarangini C Nitivakyamrit U Syadvad Upanishad C Upasak Addhayan F Yashastilak Champu I

Jain Authors Hemchandra (12th century) Abhidhana Chintamani P Alankar Chudamani N Anaya-yoga Vyavachchedika E Anekartha Namamala P Arhan-niti U Chhandonu-shasana M Deshi Namamala P Dhvayashrya Mahakavya M Kavyanu Shashana M Mahadev Stotra K Nighantukosha P Paramatma Prakaran C

Jain Authors Hemchandra (12th century) cont.. Parishishta Parva J Praman Mimansa E Shesha Namamala P Siddha Hemachandra Vyakarana O Siddhahema Shabdanu Shasan O Trishishta Shalaka Purush I Vadanu Shasan E Vitarag Stotra K Yoga Shastra C Yoga Shastra Vratti C Yoga Vinshikas C

Jain Authors Yashovijayji (18th century) Adhyatma Pariksa B Adhyatma Sara B Adhyatma Upanishad B Ashta Sahasri Vivaran E Dharma Pariksha F Dvatrimshad K Jain Tark Paribhasha E Jnan-bindu-sara B Karma-prakrati Tika D Naya-pradip E Naya-rahasya E Nayamrit Tarangini E Nyaya Khandan Khadya E Nyayalok E Tattvarth Sutra Vriti A Upadesha Rahasya F