Evan Staples M.S. Candidate in Geophysics The University of Oklahoma Advisors: Dr. Kurt Marfurt Dr. Ze’ev Reches

Research objective Research objective Data available Data available Hunton Limestone and Woodford Shale Geology Hunton Limestone and Woodford Shale Geology Proposed Work Flow Proposed Work Flow Overview of Seismic Attributes and Image Logs Overview of Seismic Attributes and Image Logs Work Completed Work Completed Future Work Future Work Preliminary Conclusions Preliminary Conclusions Acknowledgements Acknowledgements References Cited References Cited Questions Questions 2 of 35

Use surface seismic, outcrop data, image log data, and clay models to quantitatively identify and characterize fracture zones in the subsurface. This is important because fractures are smaller than seismic resolution, yet are often critical to porosity and permeability 3 of 35

Research objective Research objective Data available Data available Hunton Limestone and Woodford Shale Geology Hunton Limestone and Woodford Shale Geology Proposed Work Flow Proposed Work Flow Overview of Seismic Attributes and Image Logs Overview of Seismic Attributes and Image Logs Work Completed Work Completed Future Work Future Work Preliminary Conclusions Preliminary Conclusions Acknowledgements Acknowledgements References Cited References Cited Questions Questions 4 of 35

Outcrop of basal Woodford Shale on Highway 77 near the Arbuckle Mountains in Oklahoma Outcrop of basal Woodford Shale on Highway 77 near the Arbuckle Mountains in Oklahoma Clay models in laboratory Clay models in laboratory Laser generated surfaces of both outcrop and clay models. Laser generated surfaces of both outcrop and clay models. 9 square miles of proprietary 3D seismic survey from Pathfinder Exploration, LLC 9 square miles of proprietary 3D seismic survey from Pathfinder Exploration, LLC 8 proprietary horizontal image logs within 3D seismic survey from Pathfinder Exploration, LLC totaling approximately 10 miles 8 proprietary horizontal image logs within 3D seismic survey from Pathfinder Exploration, LLC totaling approximately 10 miles Major geologic provinces of Oklahoma (After Northcutt and Campbell, 1995) 5 of 35

Research objective Research objective Data available Data available Hunton Limestone and Woodford Shale Geology Hunton Limestone and Woodford Shale Geology Proposed Work Flow Proposed Work Flow Overview of Seismic Attributes and Image Logs Overview of Seismic Attributes and Image Logs Work Completed Work Completed Future Work Future Work Preliminary Conclusions Preliminary Conclusions Acknowledgements Acknowledgements References Cited References Cited Questions Questions 6 of 35

Hunton Group: Hunton Group: Late Ordovician to Early Devonian Late Ordovician to Early Devonian Woodford Shale lies unconformably above Woodford Shale lies unconformably above Consists of shallow-marine carbonates deposited on a gently inclined ramp. Consists of shallow-marine carbonates deposited on a gently inclined ramp. Is laterally extensive in Oklahoma (Al-Shaieb et al., 2001). Is laterally extensive in Oklahoma (Al-Shaieb et al., 2001). Major geologic provinces of Oklahoma (After Northcutt and Campbell, 1995) Lateral Extent of Hunton Group (Adapted from Johnson, 1990 and Walker and Geissman, 2009) 7 of 35

The Woodford Shale is: Devonian black shale Devonian black shale Stratigraphically beneath the Caney Shale and above the Hunton Group Stratigraphically beneath the Caney Shale and above the Hunton Group From a deep water origin From a deep water origin Hydrocarbon rich shale Hydrocarbon rich shale Is laterally extensive in Oklahoma (Ataman, 2008) Is laterally extensive in Oklahoma (Ataman, 2008) Major geologic provinces of Oklahoma (After Northcutt and Campbell, 1995) Lateral Extent of Woodford Shale (Adapted from Johnson, 1990 and Walker and Geissman, 2009) 8 of 35

Research objective Research objective Data available Data available Hunton Limestone and Woodford Shale Geology Hunton Limestone and Woodford Shale Geology Proposed Work Flow Proposed Work Flow Overview of Seismic Attributes and Image Logs Overview of Seismic Attributes and Image Logs Work Completed Work Completed Future Work Future Work Preliminary Conclusions Preliminary Conclusions Acknowledgements Acknowledgements References Cited References Cited Questions Questions 9 of 35

STOP Correlation > R min NO YESNO PSTM seismic data Calculate seismic attributes and identify potential “fracture swarms” Depth convert and load horizontal image logs Reformat 0.2” scale image log data to fractures/seismic bin Cross correlate image log fracture density to seismic attributes Interpret More attributes? Visually correlate image log boreholes with seismic attributes YES Useful Attributes 10 of 35

STOP Correlation > R min NO YESNO Outcrop and clay model data Calculate curvature on digital surface Visually correlate curvature with areas of high fracture density Use laser to scan outcrop and clay model and create digital surface Cross correlate outcrop fracture density to curvature More attributes? YES Useful Attributes Identify and characterize fractures in outcrop and clay model data 11 of 35

Research objective Research objective Data available Data available Hunton Limestone and Woodford Shale Geology Hunton Limestone and Woodford Shale Geology Proposed Work Flow Proposed Work Flow Overview of Seismic Attributes and Image Logs Overview of Seismic Attributes and Image Logs Work Completed Work Completed Future Work Future Work Preliminary Conclusions Preliminary Conclusions Acknowledgements Acknowledgements References Cited References Cited Questions Questions 12 of 35

Anticline: k > 0 Plane: k = 0 Syncline: k < 0 Anticline Syncline Dipping Plane Flat Plane k>0 k=0 k<0 k=0 R xz Courtesy Kurt Marfurt 13 of 35

40 ms Trace #1 Shifted windows of Trace #2 Crosscorrelation lag: Cross correlation of 2 traces Maximum coherence Courtesy Kurt Marfurt 14 of 35

High coherence along dip Low coherence along time slices Importance of computing coherence along structural dip Courtesy Kurt Marfurt 15 of 35

Courtesy Kurt Marfurt Normal fault seen by curvature and coherence Strike slip fault not seen by curvature but by coherence Flexure not seen by coherence but by curvature 16 of 35

Alternating Current (AC) ~ 30 in into formation Alternating Current (AC) ~ 30 in into formation Measures resistivity similar to laterolog Measures resistivity similar to laterolog Approximate resolution is 0.2 in. Approximate resolution is 0.2 in. Images and setup description courtesy Schlumberger 17 of 35

Research objective Research objective Data available Data available Hunton Limestone and Woodford Shale Geology Hunton Limestone and Woodford Shale Geology Proposed Work Flow Proposed Work Flow Overview of Seismic Attributes and Image Logs Overview of Seismic Attributes and Image Logs Work Completed Work Completed Future Work Future Work Preliminary Conclusions Preliminary Conclusions Acknowledgements Acknowledgements References Cited References Cited Questions Questions 18 of 35

Initial Hunton interpretation Initial Hunton interpretation Attributes: Attributes: Curvature (Pos and Neg) Curvature (Pos and Neg) Coherence Coherence Co-rendering Co-rendering Visual correlation with image logs Visual correlation with image logs Identification of potential “Fracture Swarms” Identification of potential “Fracture Swarms” Amp Pos Neg 0 Time(ms) km Hunton Formation vertically exaggerated to show structure 19 of 35

1 km Amp Pos Neg 0 Curv Pos Neg 0 Positive Curvature Negative Curvature Short Wavelength Long Wavelength 20 of 35

Areas of incoherence along horizontal image log borehole Areas of incoherence along horizontal image log borehole Potential areas for high fracture density Potential areas for high fracture density N 21 of 35

Areas of incoherence and positive curvature along image log borehole Areas of incoherence and positive curvature along image log borehole Potential areas for high fracture density Potential areas for high fracture density Positive Curvature Negative Curvature Short Wavelength Long Wavelength 22 of 35

Two types of fractures Two types of fractures Layer-bound fractures Layer-bound fractures Fractures that cut across multiple bedding layers Fractures that cut across multiple bedding layers Exhibit suspected alteration (“Halo”) Exhibit suspected alteration (“Halo”) ConductiveResistive Shale Clay and Silt SandLimestone Low Porosity Limestone Adapted from Schlumberger EMI Description 23 of 35

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Research objective Research objective Data available Data available Hunton Limestone and Woodford Shale Geology Hunton Limestone and Woodford Shale Geology Proposed Work Flow Proposed Work Flow Overview of Seismic Attributes and Image Logs Overview of Seismic Attributes and Image Logs Work Completed Work Completed Future Work Future Work Preliminary Conclusions Preliminary Conclusions Acknowledgements Acknowledgements References Cited References Cited Questions Questions 27 of 35

Image Log Fracture Analysis Image Log Fracture Analysis Identify fracture swarms Identify fracture swarms Calculate fracture: Calculate fracture: Orientation, density, intensity, spacing, open/closed Orientation, density, intensity, spacing, open/closed Reformat 0.2” image log scale to seismic scale Reformat 0.2” image log scale to seismic scale Cross-correlate fracture swarms from image logs with seismic attributes Cross-correlate fracture swarms from image logs with seismic attributes 28 of 35

Woodford Shale Fracture Analysis Woodford Shale Fracture Analysis Identify fracture swarms Identify fracture swarms Calculate fracture: Calculate fracture: Orientation, density, intensity, spacing, open/closed Orientation, density, intensity, spacing, open/closed Create digital surface of outcrop and calculate curvature Create digital surface of outcrop and calculate curvature Cross-correlate fracture swarms with curvature Cross-correlate fracture swarms with curvature 29 of 35

Clay Model Fracture Analysis Clay Model Fracture Analysis Identify fracture swarms Identify fracture swarms Calculate fracture: Calculate fracture: Orientation, density, intensity, spacing Orientation, density, intensity, spacing Create digital surface of clay models and calculate curvature Create digital surface of clay models and calculate curvature Cross-correlate fracture swarms with curvature Cross-correlate fracture swarms with curvature 30 of 35

Research objective Research objective Data available Data available Hunton Limestone and Woodford Shale Geology Hunton Limestone and Woodford Shale Geology Proposed Work Flow Proposed Work Flow Overview of Seismic Attributes and Image Logs Overview of Seismic Attributes and Image Logs Work Completed Work Completed Future Work Future Work Preliminary Conclusions Preliminary Conclusions Acknowledgements Acknowledgements References Cited References Cited Questions Questions 31 of 35

Co-rendering positive curvature with coherence highlights potential high fracture density areas with 3D Seismic Co-rendering positive curvature with coherence highlights potential high fracture density areas with 3D Seismic Image logs contain two main fracture types Image logs contain two main fracture types Layer-bound Layer-bound Layer-cutting Layer-cutting Woodford Shale outcrop is significantly fractured Woodford Shale outcrop is significantly fractured Potential analogs for subsurface fracture networks Potential analogs for subsurface fracture networks Initial clay model deformation appears to simulate natural tectonic processes Initial clay model deformation appears to simulate natural tectonic processes Potential analogs for subsurface fracture networks Potential analogs for subsurface fracture networks 32 of 35

Pathfinder Exploration, LLC for 3D seismic data and horizontal image logs Pathfinder Exploration, LLC for 3D seismic data and horizontal image logs Schlumberger for Petrel and Techlog licenses Schlumberger for Petrel and Techlog licenses AASPI (Attribute-Assisted Seismic Processing and Interpretation) Consortium for 3D seismic attribute software AASPI (Attribute-Assisted Seismic Processing and Interpretation) Consortium for 3D seismic attribute software Dr. Kurt Marfurt, University of Oklahoma Dr. Kurt Marfurt, University of Oklahoma Dr. Ze’ev Reches, University of Oklahoma Dr. Ze’ev Reches, University of Oklahoma 33 of 35

Al-Shaieb, Z., J. Puckette, and P. Blubaugh, 2001, The Hunton Group: Sequence stratigraphy, facies, dolomitization, and karstification: Oklahoma Geological Survey Circular 105, Al-Shaieb, Z., G. Beardall, P. Medlock, K. Lippert, F. Matthews, and F. Manni, 1993, Overview of Hunton facies and reservoirs in the Anadarko Basin: Oklahoma Geological Survey Special Publication 93, no. 4, Boyd, D. T., 2008, Stratigraphic guide to Oklahoma oil and gas reservoirs: Oklahoma Geological Survey Map SP , 1 sheet. Chopra, S., and K. J. Marfurt2007, Seismic attributes for prospect identification and reservoir characterization: Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Tulsa, OK. Faith, J. R., Blome, C. D., Pantea, M. P., Puckette, J. O., Halihan, T., Osborn, N., Christenson, S., Pack, S., 2010, Three-dimensional geologic model of the Arbuckle-Simpson Aquifer, South-Central Oklahoma: United States Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. Hart, B. S.,2006, Seismic expression of fracture-swarm sweet spots, Upper Cretaceous tight-gas reservoirs, San Juan Basin: AAPG Bulletin, 90, Johnson, K. S., 2008, Geologic History of Oklahoma, in Educational Publication 9: 2008, Oklahoma Geological Survey, p Narhari, S. R., A. L. Al-Kandari, V. K. Kidambi, S. Al-Ashwak, B. Al-Qadeeri, and C. Pattnaik,, 2009, Understanding fractures through seismic data: North Kuwait case study: The 79th Annual International Meeting of the SEG, Expanded Abstracts, Nissen, S. E., T. R. Carr, K. J. Marfurt, and E. C. Sullivan, 2009, Using 3-D seismic volumetric curvature attributes to identify fracture trends in a depleted Mississippian carbonate reservoir: Implications for assessing candidates for CO2 sequestration, in M. Grobe, J. C. Pashin, and R. L. Dodge, eds., Carbon dioxide sequestration in geological media—State of the science: AAPG Studies in Geology, 59, 297–319. Sagy A. and Z. Reches, Joint intensity in sedimentary rocks: The unsaturated, saturated, supersaturated, and clustered classes. Submitted to Israel J Earth Sciences Stanley, T. M., 2001, Stratigraphy and facies relationships of the Hunton Group, northern Arbuckle Mountains and Lawrence Uplift, Oklahoma, in Oklahoma Geological Survey Guidebook 33, 73 p. 34 of 35

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k 1 < 0k 1 = 0k 1 > 0 k 2 = 0 k 2 > 0 k 2 < 0 bowl plane synform saddle antiform dome (Bergbauer et al., 2003) Geometries of folded surfaces 38 of 35

Radius of Curvature Radius of Curvature 3 km Time (s) 39 of 35