Atomic Theory.

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Presentation transcript:

Atomic Theory

The History of the Atom Original idea – Greek Democritus – 460 B.C. Thought there were ‘indivisible particles’ that everything was made from Called them ATOMS

Then comes… John Dalton He was a British school teacher.

Dalton’s Atomic Theory (~1803) All matter is made of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms. Atoms of the same element are identical. Atoms of different elements combine in whole number ratios to form compounds. Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms.

 + + Nothing is created or destroyed, just rearranged… Law of Conservation of Mass

Mendeleev—First Periodic Table (~ 1869) As he attempted to classify elements by their properties, he noticed patterns that appeared “periodically” when elements were arranged in columns by increasing atomic mass.

First Periodic Table—Arranged by Increasing Atomic Mass

J. J. Thomson

J.J. Thomson—Discovery of the Electron (~ 1897) Used a piece of equipment called a cathode ray tube Voltage Source - + Vacuum Tube Metal Disks

- + Thomson’s Experiment Voltage source - + Passing an electric current through the tube creates a beam that moves from the negative to the positive end.

Voltage source + - By adding a magnetic field he found that the particles of the beam were negatively charged, because they were attracted to the positive end of the magnetic field.

Thomson’s Model—Plum Pudding The atom is a bunch of positive “stuff” likened to pudding with electrons scattered throughout like raisins

Max Planck—Quantum Nature of Energy (~ 1900) Energy can be only be measured in discreet units or “packets” called quanta Developed quantum mechanics Mnemonic: Think of the plank (Planck) of a ship—it’s a piece of a ship like a quantum is a piece of energy.

Albert Einstein (~ 1905) Theorized that light can behave as a particle called a photon

Robert Millikan (~ 1908) −1.602×10−19 Coulombs Discovered the exact charge of the electron using the Oil Drop Experiment −1.602×10−19 Coulombs

Ernest Rutherford

Rutherford—Discovery of Nucleus (~ 1911) Student of Thomson’s—believed in the plum pudding model of the atom. Thomson and Rutherford

Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment Used positively charged radioactive particles called alpha particles to probe the atom Shot them at gold foil which can be made a few atoms thick 2+

Fluorescent Screen Lead block Radium Gold Foil When the alpha particles hit the fluorescent screen, the screen would glow.

What he expected… The alpha particles should pass through without changing direction very much.

Because…he thought the charges were evenly distributed throughout the atom.

What he got…

How he explained it: + The atom is mostly empty space. It contains a small, dense, positive area at the center. Alpha particles are deflected by this area if they get close enough. +

+

Rutherford’s Model + A dense positive core in the atom Called the nucleus Electrons move randomly around this core Atom is mostly empty space +

Other Scientists You Need to Know… Listed Chronologically by Approximate Date of Contribution

Niels Bohr (~ 1912) Applied the concepts of Planck and Einstein to theorize that electrons are restricted to certain energy levels. They must travel in orbits around the nucleus Called the Planetary Model

Henry Moseley (~ 1913) Studied under Rutherford Developed the modern periodic table arranged by atomic number instead of mass

Louis de Broglie—Duality of Particles and Waves (~ 1924) Theorized that electrons can behave as both particles and waves

Werner Heisenberg (~ 1927) Uncertainty Principle: We cannot know both the position and the momentum of a quantum particle.

Erwin Schrodinger—Modern Mathematical Model (~ 1928) Developed the model of the atom that we use today Based on the idea of de Broglie that particles behave as waves—called wave mechanics A mathematical model (difficult to picture!) His model is called the Quantum Mechanical Model.

Finally… James Chadwick (~ 1932) Discovered the neutron Oops—Wrong Neutron!

Which is Whose???

DETERMINED THE EXACT CHARGE OF AN ELECTRON USING THE OIL DROP EXPERIMENT RUTHERFOD PLANCK MENDELEEV MILLIKAN DALTON THOMSON

FIRST ATOMIC THEORY RUTHERFORD PLANCK MENDELEEV DALTON THOMSON HEISENBERG

DISCOVERED ELECTRON USING CATHODE RAY TUBE—PROPOSED PLUM PUDDING MODEL RUTHERFORD PLANCK MENDELEEV DALTON THOMSON HEISENBERG

FIRST PERIODIC TABLE—ARRANGED BY MASS RUTHERFORD PLANCK MENDELEEV MILLIKAN DALTON MOSELEY

UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE RUTHERFORD PLANCK MENDELEEV HEISENBERG THOMSON MILLIKAN

DISCOVERED NUCLEUS USING GOLD FOIL EXPERIMENT RUTHERFORD PLANCK SHRODINGER THOMSON DALTON CHADWICK

QUANTUM NATURE OF ENERGY EINSTEIN PLANCK MENDELEEV SHRODINGER DE BROGLIE HEISENBERG

PARTICLE AND WAVE DUALITY MOSELEY SCHRODINGER EINSTEIN DE BROGLIE DEMOCRITUS CHADWICK

PLANETARY MODEL MOSELEY SCHRODINGER EINSTEIN CHADWICK BOHR DE BROGLIE

MODERN PERIODIC TABLE—ARRANGED BY ATOMIC NUMBER MOSELEY SCHRODINGER EINSTEIN BOHR DE BROGLIE MENDELEEV

PUT THESE MODELS IN ORDER FROM EARLIEST TO LATEST BOHR—PLANETARY RUTHERFORD—NUCLEAR SCHRODINGER—MATHEMATICAL DALTON—INDIVISIBLE THOMPSON—PLUM PUDDING

WHAT WAS THE NAME OF RUTHERFORD’S EXPERIMENT?

WHICH SCIENTIST USED A CATHODE RAY TUBE?