Map to Help Room (G2B90) Lecture room Help room

Homework Turn in your homework at the beginning of class next lecture. It will be collected shortly after lecture starts. Put your homework in the appropriate alphabetized box on the right side of the back of the lecture hall (the right as I would see it from the front) Please consider coming to office hours before ing us with homework questions.

Clickers Register your clicker at iclicker.com No exceptions if you are absent, forget your clicker, run out of batteries, etc. You do get more points for a correct answer, so try to figure it out!

Chapter 1, continued Electromagnetic waves –Is there a medium? –What is “wiggling”? –Electric and magnetic fields EM Spectrum –Visible light –Radio waves –Microwaves –Xrays Resonance –Why do we only see some EM waves? –Examples and demos Light sources –Incandescent bulbs –Fluorescent bulbs –Other sources

White Light through a Prism A prism spreads out the over- lapping wavelengths in white light into different spatial locations where they can be seen as colors. 400 nm 700 nm

Clicker Question Picture a rope with a pulse disturbance moving horizontally. How does the distance and direction traveled by pieces of the rope compare to the distance and direction traveled by the pulse? a)The rope piece travels more than the pulse, in the same direction b)The rope piece travels more than the pulse, at a right angle to the pulse c)The rope piece travels less than the pulse, in the same direction d)The rope piece travels less than the pulse, at a right angle to the pulse

Clicker Question Which is the correct light ray to describe how we “see” the apple? (the color of the arrow is not relevant) A B C D E Remember the light has to come from the bulb first, so B is not correct. C is the correct light ray

Electromagnetic (EM) Waves Light is part of the Electromagnetic Spectrum Unlike sound or rope waves, EM waves do not need a material to transmit them, they can travel through empty space So what is actually “wiggling” in an EM wave?

Magnetic field linesMagnetic field lines Electric and Magnetic Fields Static electricity

Electromagnetic Waves Made up of oscillating electric and magnetic fields

EM Waves: Key Points Waves can travel in empty space The oscillating fields are at right angles (perpendicular) to the direction of wave motion

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Clicker Question The speed of light is 3 x 10 8 m/s A radio signal takes 2.5 x s (2.5 milliseconds) to travel from Boston to DC. What is the distance between these cities? a)1200 km b)750 km c)7500 km d)500 km e)1000 km distance =speed * time 3 x 10 8 m/s * 2.5 x s 7.5 x 10 5 m 750 km

Images at different frequencies Radar IR UV White light Xray

Millimeter Wave Scanning

Waves and Resonance Oscillating systems have a special frequency at which they like to vibrate, called the resonant frequency External driving of these systems at the resonant frequency will result in the most efficient transfer of energy Ex: Swings, rocking your car out of a snowbank, washboard ripples on a dirt road, shattering a crystal glass, dye bleaching, light perception in your eye, washing machine

Example: Pendulum What happens when we change the length of the string? What happens when I change how fast I move my hand? The same process occurs in our eyes, which are not sensitive to frequencies outside what we call “visible light”

Effect of resonance produced by military helicopter blade going around at frequency resonant with the helicopter body

What do resonances have to do with light? When light is absorbed by atoms we can think of this as a resonance –For example, we “see” light rays of 470 nm coming into our eyes because this light excites a resonance in certain atoms inside our eyes –EM waves with the wrong frequency do not excite the resonance, and we don’t “see” them. Light can also be emitted by atoms, which is also a form of resonance –This is how fluorescent lights, lasers and LEDs work.

Incandescent Light Bulbs

Filament with current of electrons which hit into atoms causing light to be emitted Atom Electrons Light emitted at many different resonance frequencies of atoms appears as white light Atom

Incandescent Light Bulbs A continuous light source A continuous light source Almost 90% of its emission is invisible to the human eye, producing heat and wasting energy Almost 90% of its emission is invisible to the human eye, producing heat and wasting energy

Clicker Question The light from an ordinary incandescent light bulb appears white because a)A current of electrons excites a resonance in atoms at the frequency of white light. b)A current of electrons excites resonances in atoms at many different frequencies c)A current of electrons wiggles at the frequency of white light

Fluorescent Light Bulbs Fluorescent bulbs have a lower current and power usage for the same light output in the visible range How do they do this?

The atoms inside a fluorescent bulb have ultraviolet resonant frequencies Atom Electrons Invisible ultra- violet light Atom Phosphors white light

Fluorescent Light Bulbs Because the phosphors emit at very specific resonant frequencies, the spectrum is not continuous

Incandescent vs. Fluorescent

Neon lights Produced the same way, but with a different set of atoms in the tube to produce the different colors.

Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) A semiconductor system A semiconductor system Charges are initially separated Charges are initially separated An applied current pushes them “up the hill”, where they can recombine and emit light An applied current pushes them “up the hill”, where they can recombine and emit light

Clicker Question What kind of bulbs do you think they use to keep food hot at a buffet bar? a)Incandescent b)Fluorescent c)Neon d)LEDs

Color Temperature Light from ideal sources is generally a mixture of different wavelengths –Think of the rainbow generated by sunlight –The spectra of different light bulbs The mixture of wavelengths can be understood by asking how bright is the mixture at each wavelength How do these different formulations change the color of the light?

The hotter the source the more bluish the white light. The cooler the source the more reddish the white light These are curves of the intensity of each of the wavelengths present in an "off-white" light as the (color) temperature of the filament in the light bulb increases.

Color Temperature in Fluorescent Lights Fluorescent light bulbs all feel the same temperature when you touch them, but the phosphors can be selected to simulate a specific color temperature. From

Here is how a picture changes under lighting with different color temperatures Higher color temp more bluish Higher color temp more bluish Lower color temp more reddish Lower color temp more reddish You can also change the color temperature in imaging processing software

It's a good idea to remember some rough wavelengths associated with colors Violet and blue are what we see when shorter wavelength visible rays enter our eyes. –They have relatively higher frequencies Red is how we see longer wavelength visible rays –Red has a relatively smaller frequency