Chapter 15 Soil Resources

Overview of Soil Unit The Rock Cycle Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rock types What is soil? Soil Properties Major Soil Orders Soil Problems Soil Conservation Soil Reclamation

The Rock Cycle The rock cycle is the natural process in which rocks transform from one rock type into another rock type over time, a type of natural recycling. Igneous rocks, which are formed from magma cooling underground, or lava above ground are formed from previous igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rocks which have become melted Sedimentary rock is formed by deposition and consolidation of mineral and organic material and from precipitation of minerals from solution. The processes that form sedimentary rock occur at the surface of the Earth and within bodies of water Metamorphic rock is the result of the transformation of an existing rock type, the protolith, in a process called metamorphism, which means "change in form".

Rock Cycle: Igneous

Sedimentary Rocks

Metamorphic Rock

The Rock Cycle

Soil Uppermost layer of earth’s crust that supports plants, animals and microbes Soil Forming Factors Parent Material Time Climate Organisms Topography Types: clay, sand, silt, and gravel (including a mixture of one or more or all

What is Soil? Produced very slowly – almost nonrenewable Production by… Weathering of rock (parent material) – chemical & mechanical  this adds inorganic components Deposit of sediments by erosion Introduction of living organisms – succession  the biotic component Decomposition of organic materials and dead organisms Development is slow 200-1000 years to produce 1 inch of topsoil Soil is different in different areas

Soil Composition Mineral Particles (45%) Organic Material (5%) Weathered rock Provides essential nutrients for plants Organic Material (5%) Litter, animal dung, dead remains of plants and animals, humus (picture) Water (25%) Air (25%)

Soil Composition Pore space 50% of soil Soil air- good for aeration Soil water- provides water to roots

Soil Horizons O-horizon A-horizon B-horizon C-horizon Rich in organic material A-horizon Topsoil B-horizon Lighter colored subsoil C-horizon Weathered parent material

Soil Organisms There are millions of microorganisms in 1 tsp of fertile agricultural soil

Soil Organisms Soil organisms provide ecosystem services Examples Def: Important environmental benefits that ecosystems provide Examples Decaying and cycling organic material Breaking down toxic materials Cleansing water Soil aeration (especially done by earthworms)

Nutrient Cycling Nutrients are cycled between plants, organisms and soil Example Bacteria and fungi decompose plant and animal wastes They are transformed into CO2, soil nutrients and water

Soil Properties Soil Texture Relative proportion of sand, silt and clay Sand: 2mm-0.05mm Silt: 0.05mm-0.002mm Clay: >0.002mm

Soil Properties Soil texture affects soil properties Coarse textured soil (sandy) Will not hold water well- flows through easily Fine textured soil (high in clay) Poor drainage Low oxygen levels in soil Due to negatively charged surface, able to hold onto important plant nutrients (K+, Ca2+, NO2-)

Soil Properties

Soil Properties Soil Acidity Measured using pH scale 0-7 = acidic 7 = neutral 7-14 = basic pH of most soils range from 4-8 Affects solubility of certain plant nutrients Optimum soil pH is 6-7 This is the pH where plant nutrients are most available to plants Soil amendments (ex: lime) can be used to achieve this pH

Major Soil Groups Variations in soil forming factors cause variation in soils around globe Soil Taxonomy Separates soils into 12 orders Subdivided into more than 19,000 soil series that vary by locality Five common soil orders Spodosols, alfisols, mollisols, aridosols, oxisols

Major Soil Groups Spodosols Form under coniferous forests O-horizon composed of needles E-horizon is ash-gray under A-horizon Not good farmland- too acidic

Major Soil Groups Alfisols Brown to gray-brown A-horizon Precipitation high enough to leach most organics and nutrients out of O-, A- and B-horizons Soil fertility maintained by leaf litter

Major Soil Groups Mollisols Found in temperate, semi-arid grassland Very fertile soil Thick, dark brown/ black A-horizon Soluble nutrients stay in A-horizon due to low leaching

Major Soil Groups Aridosols Found in arid regions of all continents Low precipitation preclude leaching and growth of lush vegetation Development of salic horizon possible

Major Soil Groups Oxisols Found in tropical and subtropical areas with high precipitation Very little organic material accumulation due to fast decay rate B-horizon is highly leached and nutrient poor

Soil Problems Soil Erosion Why a problem? Def: wearing away or removal of soil from the land Caused primarily by water and wind Why a problem? Causes a loss in soil fertility as organic material and nutrients are eroded More fertilizers must be used to replace nutrients lost to erosion Accelerated by poor soil management practices

Case in Point: American Dust Bowl Great Plains have low precipitation and subject to drought 1930-1937 severe drought No natural vegetation roots to hold soil in place Replaced by annual crops Winds blew soil as far east as NYC and DC. Farmers went bankrupt

Soil Problems Nutrient Mineral Depletion

Soil Problems Soil Salinization Often in arid and semi-arid areas Def: gradual accumulation of salt in the soil, usually due to improper irrigation techniques Often in arid and semi-arid areas The little precipitation that falls is quickly evaporated Leaves behind salts Salt concentrations get to levels toxic to plants

Soil Problems Desertification Typically a human-induced condition Def: degradation of once-fertile rangeland, agricultural land, or tropical dry forest into nonproductive desert Typically a human-induced condition Change in vegetation changes climate, further decreasing precipitation levels

Soil Conservation Conservation Tillage Crop Rotation Residues from previous year’s crops are left in place to prevent soil erosion Includes no tillage Crop Rotation Planting a series of different crops in the same field over a period of years Lessens pest and insect disease

Soil Conservation Contour Plowing Strip Cropping Terracing Plowing around hill instead of up-down Decreases soil erosion Strip Cropping Alternating strips of different crops along natural contours Terracing Creating terraces on steep slopes to prevent erosion Terracing

Preserving Soil Fertility Organic fertilizers Animal manure, crop residue, bone meal and compost Nutrient available to plants only as material decomposes Slow acting and long lasting Inorganic fertilizers Manufactured from chemical compounds Soluble Fast acting, short lasting Environmentally sound to limit use Mobile- easily leach and pollute groundwater

Soil Reclamation Two steps Best way to do this is shelterbelts Stabilize land to prevent further erosion Restoring soil to former fertility Best way to do this is shelterbelts Row of trees planted to reduce wind erosion of soil

Soil Conservation Policies in US Soil Conservation Act 1935 Authorized formation of Soil Conservation Service, now called Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) Assess soil damage and develop policies to improve soil Food Security Act (Farm Bill) 1985 Required farmers with highly erodible soil had to change their farming practices Instituted Conservation Reserve Program Pays farmers to stop farming highly erodible land