Determining Pallet Maximum Working Loads From Nominal Load Measurements Marshall S. White Wilbur Dibling Ralph Rupert John McLeod

Most Loads on Pallets do not act Like Airbags or Two Rigid Bars as in Draft ISO 8611-1 Tests 1 and 3

Certain Loads on Pallets will “Bridge” across the Pallet Deck Certain Loads on Pallets will “Bridge” across the Pallet Deck. In Warehouse Racks, Some Loads will Shift Stresses from the Center of the Pallet to the Rack Supports

We Tested Different Load Configurations To Determine The Level Of Load Bridging In A Warehouse Rack

We Tested The Following Load Stabilizers Interlock Stacking Stretch Wrap Strapping (steel and poly) Breakaway Adhesive Pallet Tie Sheets Stretch tape

We Used Plywood To Simulate Pallets And Used 4 Different Stiffness Levels of Pallets 5.3 kN per cm of deflection 3.6 kN per cm of deflection 2.3 kN per cm of deflection 1.6 kN per cm of deflection

Each Load Was Lifted 5 Times To Simulate Typical Loosening Of Load After Palletization

Case Goods, Average Deflections at 4.5 kN 25.0 Low 20.0 Medium-Low 15.0 Deflection (mm) 10.0 Medium High 5.0 0.0 Airbag Column Stretch Tape Adhesive Column,SW Tie Sheets Column,ST Interlock Interlock,SW Interlock, ST Interlock,ST

Case Goods, Average Deflections at 4.5 kN, Low Stiffness Panel 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 Deflection (mm) Airbag Column Stretch Tape Adhesive Column,SW Tie Sheets Column,ST Interlock Interlock, SW ST

Sacks, Average Deflections at 4.5kN, Low Stiffness Panel 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 Deflection (mm) Airbag Column Column, SW ST Interlock, Int, Plas Strp Interlock

The Effect of Load Geometry on Load Bridging During Warehouse Rack Storage on Pallets

The Effect of Load Stabilizers on Load Bridging During Warehouse Rack Storage of Cased Goods on Pallets Average Pallet Deflection as a Percent of Column Stacked Deflection 20 40 60 80 100 Column Stacked Stretch Tape Interlock Pallet Sheets Wrap Adhesive Strapping Load Stabilizers Percent Deflection 100 100 96 94 87 80 61

The Effect of Load Stabilizers on Load Bridging During Warehouse Rack Storage of Sacked Products on Pallets

The Effect of Load Stabilizers on Load Bridging During Warehouse Rack Storage of Column Stacked 5 Gallon Pails on Pallets

The Effect of Load Stabilizers on Load Bridging During Warehouse Rack Storage of 55 Gallon Drums on Pallets

Implications of Load Bridging Tests on Estimates of Maximum Working Loads for pallets as described in Draft ISO TS8611-3 Geometry and mechanical properties of the package or container on the pallet affect the maximum working load estimate The types of load binders used affect the maximum working load estimates The tension applied to the load binders affects the maximum working load estimates

Implications of Load Bridging Tests on Estimates of Maximum Working Loads for pallets as described in Draft ISO TS8611-3 The package or container stacking patterns affect the maximum working load estimate The stiffness of the pallet affects the maximum working load estimates Normal movement of the unit load changes unit load stiffness and therefore affects the maximum working load estimates