Class Day Thirteen

Chapter 9 Stone & Concrete Masonry

Stone compared to Brick Similarities: –Both stacked –Mortar Joints Differences: – Shape: Brick molded - Stone Cut and Carved Brick made/controlled – Stone provided by nature but shape may be altered.

Three Types of Building Stone IgneousSedimentaryMetamorphic

IGNEOUS ROCK Is rock that was formed by the cooling and solidification of a molten mass of rock material called magma. It is very hard and strong. SEDIMENTARY ROCK Is material that was deposited in particle state, moved by wind or water, then pressed under extreme earth pressure. METAMORPHIC ROCK Is material that used to be something else. Its original composition and texture has been altered by heat and pressure deep within the earth’s crust.

GRANITE is the major type of igneous rock that is prevalent in construction. The best example of granite used in Texas is the State Capital in Austin. SHALE, LIMESTONE, and SANDSTONE are examples of natural sedimentary rock. Most is relatively light in color, gray to white, and can be cut into relatively thin sheets for building veneer. Texas shell stone is an unusual example of sandstone rock. SLATE and MARBLE are the best examples of metamorphic rock. Colors are in a wide range from light to black. Slate can be cut thin enough to make roofing shingles. Marble is durable and hard and can be polished to a mirror surface finish, but is relatively porous.

Some color options of granite

Polished Surface Rough Texture

Texture Variances (Note the Effect on Appearance)

Shape Flat to Round

Exterior Application

Sedimentary Rock Limestone & Sandstone Porous, relatively weak by comparison Color Range – doesn’t have much character Surface Textures – does not take fine polish Sources – mid west region of U.S. region of U.S. Primary Uses – primarily veneer primarily veneer facing on building facing on building exteriors. exteriors.

Limestone with Granite

Simulated Limestone Cladding Actually is pre-cast concrete finished to look Like limestone – very durable

Metamorphic Rock Marble Slate

Marble - Exterior Application

Marble Flooring

Slate Roofing Shingles

Slate Flooring

Types of Building Stone Fieldstone Rubble Stone Dimension Stone

Stone Masonry Patterns Laid in Mortar Rubble has irregular shapes and sizes. Large pieces are laid at random will fill of smaller stones. Ashlar pattern has relatively square and rectangular pieces.

Random Rubble Stone

Stone Masonry  Rubble stone and ashlar pattern stone is laid in mortar beds much like brick. Stone may be laid to form the structural mass of wall, or it may be installed in a single facing layer to become a veneer attached to some other structural support.  Cut stone such as marble, granite, and sandstone are mechanically fastened in large sheets to a support system and fastened in place with steel cramps. Joints may be filled masonry grout.

Concrete Masonry Units  Concrete masonry units are made of concrete, except for modifications in the materials. Aggregates in masonry units are made of lighter weight material such as expanded shale rather than hard rock.  The units are cast in steel molds then placed in a controlled atmosphere where the cement is allowed to cure to the full strength of the mix.  Units are made in a variety of shapes and sizes for specific applications.

Typical Shape Bond Beam ‘Corner’ – Round & Square Combination

Spanning Openings in Concrete Masonry Walls Steel Lintels Block Lintels - Reinforced Bond Beam Pre cast Reinforced Concrete Lintel

CMU Installation

Layout & Lead Blocks

Installation of Mortar Bead

Lay CMU

Tooled Joints

Control Joint

Decorative CMUs Split face CMU

Splitface (colored) and Brick

Painted CMU

Ground face

Split face, Brick, & Tile

Special Shapes