Canadian Association of Civilian Oversight of Law Enforcement Ottawa Ottawa June 2009 June 2009

Questions Regarding the UFC Framework Who should author UF frameworks? Who should author UF frameworks? Who should approve UF frameworks? Who should approve UF frameworks? What criteria should be used to construct UF frameworks? What criteria should be used to construct UF frameworks? What is/should be the expectation concerning officer ‘RISK’ in UF What is/should be the expectation concerning officer ‘RISK’ in UF Why do we not consider the impact of Milgram’s Zimbardo’s experiments and research studies Concerning Use of Force/testing in Canada? Why do we not consider the impact of Milgram’s Zimbardo’s experiments and research studies Concerning Use of Force/testing in Canada?

& Variables Background & Variables Policing Boards and Governance – Inconsistent? Policing Boards and Governance – Inconsistent? Governments/State Influence (Ipperwash) Governments/State Influence (Ipperwash) Community Policing or Policing with the Community – Extent of Community Integration (UF) Community Policing or Policing with the Community – Extent of Community Integration (UF) Special Investigations Models - SIU Special Investigations Models - SIU Proactive National Independent Review Board for UF Standards Proactive National Independent Review Board for UF Standards Changing Paradigms in Public Policing – Who is entering the services? Changing Paradigms in Public Policing – Who is entering the services? Public/Community Accreditation – To What Level? Public/Community Accreditation – To What Level? How to we measure human propensity to aggression for those entering the profession? Do we consider the results of such works as Milgram and Zimbardo? How to we measure human propensity to aggression for those entering the profession? Do we consider the results of such works as Milgram and Zimbardo?

Milgram and Use of Force

Impact on a ‘Desired’ Police Image Police Competence = Public Confidence Bill Blair, Toronto Police Chief Interview with Andy Barrie of CBC on the 23 rd of April 2009 Interview with Andy Barrie of CBC on the 23 rd of April 2009 …we do have a system of investigation through the SIU in Ontario …we do have a system of investigation through the SIU in Ontario …we want openness and transparency in policing, it is critical …we want openness and transparency in policing, it is critical …the Vancouver incident is catastrophic for the RCMP …the Vancouver incident is catastrophic for the RCMP and other police services in this country and other police services in this country …this (incident) reflects on other services …this (incident) reflects on other services SO the question then is, how does the system of training for the UF continuum become open and transparent – especially when dealing with less-lethal weapons use? Do we consider at all Milgram and Zimbardo’s research? AND how is it that so many police services in Canada are void of any official independent investigation (as with recent RCMP cases) body as in Ontario’s SIU model? AND how is it that there is no visible ‘community input ‘ into the training policies in Canada around the Use of Force Continuum (CACP Framework) Is it not true that: POLICE COMPETENCE EQUALS PUBLIC CONFIDENCE? Is it not true that: A POLICE SERVICE’S ABILITY TO GAIN PUBLIC SUPPORT TAKES YEARS TO ACHIEVE YET THAT SUPPORT CAN BE DESTROYED IN SECONDS? Is it not true that: Peel’s Principles of Policing need to be at the forefront when establishing ‘Use of Force’ policy? Especially rules 2,3,6 and 9.

Who Should Author U of F Models? Police, but with complete community/public support through stakeholder direct involvement in the police learning system including the Use of Force Continuum! Avoid Isolationist Thinking! Include legitimate non-police sources and stakeholders including: researchers, scholars, judicial officials and laypersons in police learning and UF policy development! How? Create a ‘Police Advisory Council’ on ALL elements of police learning! Seek public/community/academic accreditation and support for ALL police learning activity to lend credibility through openness and transparency! Why? To build on the principle of openness and transparency – if not, police control could become community control!

Who should approve U of F Frameworks? Police Authorities such as provincial and national police leaders but only after complete reviews and endorsements by: police educators, advisory boards, independent researchers and bodies from a cross-community representation How? Through Advisory Boards and Councils with stakeholders not just internal police representatives Why? To build on the principle of openness and transparency, if not, police control could become community control!

What Criteria Should be used to Construct U of F Frameworks? Evidenced Based Criteria – Open Accredited Community/Police Exhaustive Review (not supplier influence ‘perceived or real’) Evidenced Based Criteria – Open Accredited Community/Police Exhaustive Review (not supplier influence ‘perceived or real’) Derived from a Problem Solving Approach to such learning and development with the community Derived from a Problem Solving Approach to such learning and development with the community Construct through Police Learning and Leadership Authorities Construct through Police Learning and Leadership Authorities Accredited through public institutions as well as internal police learning centres – Sheffield Hallam University Centre for Community Justice - UK Accredited through public institutions as well as internal police learning centres – Sheffield Hallam University Centre for Community Justice - UK Tied to formal credentials outside police learning systems – dual recognition and awards Tied to formal credentials outside police learning systems – dual recognition and awards Consider the ‘reasonable risk’ to officer safety as opposed to a ‘no risk at all’ appearance Consider the ‘reasonable risk’ to officer safety as opposed to a ‘no risk at all’ appearance Commit to examine/research and change the training methodologies and practices that promote homogeneity in police learning systems (Skills for Justice UK Model) Commit to examine/research and change the training methodologies and practices that promote homogeneity in police learning systems (Skills for Justice UK Model)

What Should be the Expectation Concerning Officer Risk in U of F Another continuum – high risk to low risk scenario OR high risk, low risk, no risk approach scenario? The physiological and psychological impact of less-lethal weapons? Another continuum – high risk to low risk scenario OR high risk, low risk, no risk approach scenario? The physiological and psychological impact of less-lethal weapons? Policing can be a protectionist culture which can promote homogeneity / replicative culture! Policing can be a protectionist culture which can promote homogeneity / replicative culture! Apply the research by Dr. Kevin Gilmartin Apply the research by Dr. Kevin Gilmartin