 An appraiser has to have a basic, working knowledge of the legal descriptions, especially for the area where they work  If an appraisal requires knowledge beyond the working knowledge the appraiser needs to rely on professional surveyor or abstractor.

 Three common methods to legally describe real property;  Rectangular survey system  Metes and bounds system  Lot and block system

 Most common system in the US  RSS was originally implemented in US May 20, 1785 through legislation passed by the Continental Congress for disposal of land in the Western Territory  Sometimes referred to as Government survey system or Government System

 Each state divided into arbitrary north- south lines called Meridians and into arbitrary east-west lines called Baselines  These are arbitrary and not related to geographical meridians  Each meridian is unique and crossed by its own baseline

 Every 6 miles from the principal meridian another line was drawn; resulting columns are called ranges  Every 6 miles from the baseline another line was drawn and the resulting space was called a township.  Each range and township are 6 miles square

 Arkansas, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, N and S Dakota use 5 th Principal Meridian established in 1815

Base Line Meridian Township Range

 Each section has 640 acres and each acre contains 43,560 square feet  Always to remember to read the location backwards when finding a parcel with the rectangular system

 Every 24 miles there are corrections lines to adjust so that the townships fit with the curvature of the earth.  Quarter sections on the north and west boundary take up excess or shortages in the township. These are known as fractional or government lots.

One Section of Land is 640 Acres - One Mile by One Mile (5280' x 5280')

 W½NE¼, NE¼NE¼ & 6a. W½SE¼NE¼  W½NW¼, SE¼NW¼ & NW¼SW¼  E½NW¼

 Based on early land descriptions in America; used natural or man made objects  From Hartford, CN 1812 court records for land description. “Commencing at a heap of stone about a stone’s throw from a certain small clump of alders, near a brook running down off a certain marked white birch….”

 Metes describe the direction from one reference point to another as well as the distance between the points  Bounds refer to the Point of Beginning (POB) of a description (this is also the point of return) and all intermediate points.  From a permanent marker the parcel is described in distance (lineal measure) and bearing (angle) from that point

 Distance usually measured in feet to nearest tenth of one-hundredth of a foot  Chain = 66.0 feet  Rod = 16.5 feet (5.5 yards)  Link = 7.92 inches

 Bearing measured in degrees, minutes and seconds  For legal descriptions we use 90 degree segments  60 minutes (60’) in one degree  60 seconds (60”) in each minute

 A metes and bounds description moves from point to point following the course laid out in the description.  Courses are in degrees, minutes and seconds of an angle from the north or south.

 There have been Permanent Reference Marks (Bench Marks) established (4.5 inch disks in steel or concrete  The bench marks are referenced to each other by distance and direction  Key point is to have a starting point that can be found again.

 N80 0’0” East, 152 feet to the point of beginning;  Thence S80 degree 0’0” East feet;  Thence S15 degree 0’0” West, feet; Thence S85 degrees 0’0” West feet;  Thence N4 degrees 10’58” East feet to the point of beginning

 This is for land ready for subdivision into homes and businesses into blocks and lots.  Simplest and most convenient to describe small lots or tracts within a subdivision  Metes and bounds to survey an show the parcel; parcel assigned a lot number, Each block given a block number and the tract given a name or number

 Vertical land description; measured in terms of vertical measurements. Used for air rights or subsurface  Topographic maps; contour maps used for land that will be developed and soil to be moved, etc.