Cells Georgia High School Graduation Test: Science Review Mrs. Kirby

Introduction From the key vocabulary, circle the words that you can already define or use in a sentence. From the key vocabulary, circle the words that you can already define or use in a sentence. Write down two or three things that you think are important for you to know today. Write down two or three things that you think are important for you to know today.

What is biology? The study of living things The study of living things What is considered living? What is considered living? anything that has the ability to nourish, grow, and reproduce anything that has the ability to nourish, grow, and reproduce cells must be present cells must be present cells

Cell Theory The cell is considered the basic unit of life. The cell is considered the basic unit of life. All living things contain at least one cell. All living things contain at least one cell. Cells come from pre-existing cells. Cells come from pre-existing cells.

Sample Question 1. What structures can be identified in a typical animal or plant cell?

Plant Cells versus Animal Cells PLANT CELL PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL ANIMAL CELL

Plant Cells versus Animal Cells PLANT CELLS cell wall (provides structure) cell wall (provides structure) chloroplast (location of photosynthesis/ energy production) chloroplast (location of photosynthesis/ energy production) ANIMAL CELLS centrioles (responsible for cell reproduction) centrioles (responsible for cell reproduction)

OrganellesOrganelles Common to Both Organelles STRUCTUREFUNCTION nucleus control of all cell activities; location of DNA mitochondria energy production Golgi complex (apparatus) assembles, sorts, and transports cell products ribosome protein synthesis chromosome composed of DNA containing genetic material

Cell Organelles, continued STRUCTUREFUNCTION cell membrane phospholipid bilayer; maintains homeostasis; protects the cell lysosome digests old cells and food (cleans up the cell) endoplasmic reticulum produces, stores, and transports protein (rough) and lipids (smooth) flagella/cilia movement of materials

Sample Question 2. Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellsprokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotes “Pro-No” No true nucleus No true nucleus No membrane-bound organelles No membrane-bound organelles No well-organized membrane No well-organized membrane

Prokaryotes “Pro-No” All prokaryotes are bacteria and all bacteria are prokaryotes All prokaryotes are bacteria and all bacteria are prokaryotes Prokaryotes = bacteria (Monera) Prokaryotes = bacteria (Monera)

Eukaryotes “Eu-True” True nucleus True nucleus Well organized membrane Well organized membrane Membrane – bound organelles Membrane – bound organelles

Eukaryotes “Eu-True” Most plants and animals and other specialized organisms

Sample Question 3. Compare and contrast active and passive transport in at least 4 ways.

Active versus Passive Transport ACTIVE TRANSPORT requires energy (low concentration to high) requires energy (low concentration to high) endocytosis and exocytosis endocytosis and exocytosis active transport (ATP is used) active transport (ATP is used) PASSIVE TRANSPORT diffusion (particles from high concentration to low) diffusion (particles from high concentration to low) osmosis (water from high concentration to low) osmosis (water from high concentration to low) facilitated transport (diffusion using a membrane protein) facilitated transport (diffusion using a membrane protein)

Sample Question 4. Define each of the following: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Organic Compounds ORGANIC COMPOUND DEFINITIONFUNCTION carbohydrates sugars and starches provide energy lipids fats (insoluble in water) store energy proteins amino acids responsible for most cell functions nucleic acids DNA and RNA store hereditary information

Sample Question 5. Describe the role of the cell membrane in maintaining homeostasis.

Homeostasis The maintenance of a constant, stable environment internally The maintenance of a constant, stable environment internally example: body temperature example: body temperature

Cell Membrane and Homeostasis Homeostasis utilizes active and passive transport utilizes active and passive transportactive diffusion and osmosis depends on environment (hydrophobic or hydrophilic) diffusion and osmosis depends on environment (hydrophobic or hydrophilic) diffusion

Hydrophobic versus Hydrophilic Hydrophobic “water-fearing” “water-fearing” outside of cell outside of cellHydrophilic “water-loving” “water-loving” inside of cell inside of cell

Discussion If the cell were a community, what components would a cell have to have to function as a community? (boundaries— political, transportation, energy source) If the cell were a community, what components would a cell have to have to function as a community? (boundaries— political, transportation, energy source)

Lesson Summarized Write a sentence that explains the system discussed. Draw a graphic organizer that shows the relationship of the cell parts to the whole cell.

Short Quiz Answers 1. A cell provides structure and function for an organism. Cells are the “building blocks” of life. 2. Energy is produced in the mitochondria of cells. 3. The cell membrane consists of a double layer of lipids and phosphate groups (a phospholipid bilayer). Because water is polar and lipids are non-polar, the cell does not dissolve in water. 4. Homeostasis is the ability of an organism to maintain a balanced and constant environment. 5. Pro-no true nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, and Eu-true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles