University of Michigan Vacuum Electronics Research at The University of Michigan Profs. Ron Gilgenbach, Y.Y. Lau and Mary Brake Nuclear Engineering & Radiological Sciences Dept. University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI funded by the AFOSR

University of Michigan OUTLINE motivation research topics recent results future planned research

University of Michigan U. Michigan Research Topics initial studies have begun on a small scale (expanded program begins Jan. 1, 2000) crossed field devices: noise and mode stability experiments theoretical research on intermodulation and noise in microwave tubes microwave plasma cleaning/ processing of tubes

University of Michigan Motivation: Crossed Field Amplifier Applications in DoD Systems (96-97) System CFA Tube AEGIS SFD-261/262 and L-4707/4708 PATRIOT L-4927A TPS-32 L-4829 TPS-63 VXL-1169, L-4806 APS-116 SFD-251, L-4764 APS-137 L-4764A MK-92 SFD-233G, L-4810 SPS-48C SFD-267, L-4717, VXS-1247/1247F, L-4716/4718 SPS-48E L-4719 HAWK-PAR L-4939/4940 ARSR-1&2 L-4953 AEGIS (Israel) L-4891 HADR (Ger., Nor.) L-4756 FLORIDA (Swit.) L-4822 E2-C L-4934 TPN-19/GPN-22 L-4764 AR-320 (UK) L-4756A APS-145 VXL-1910 (in development)

University of Michigan magnetron experiments beginning with oven magnetrons (most efficient sources known); e.g. Toshiba 2M229, kV, 0.3A investigate noise and out-of-band mode generation (source of EM pollution) investigate mode hopping in startup- regime explore the existence of “quiet-states” (W.C. Brown, 1988 Raytheon Tech. Rep.)

University of Michigan magnetron experiments (continued) utilize time-frequency-analysis to examine the spectrum of magnetrons investigate the connection of noise to “excess” cathode emission current modeling of magnetron by Phillips Lab Scientists (Luginsland and Spencer)

University of Michigan Microwave-tube related theory efforts at U of Michigan 1) Intermodulation in klystrons and in TWTs (Work in progress) 2) Low frequency emission noise from thermionic cathodes (scaling law synthesized for flicker noise power relative to shot noise power) 3) Low frequency ion noise in linear beam tubes (many observed features, such as sensitivity to B- field, to cathode voltages, etc., explained by simple theory.) Methods to reduce this low frequency phase noise proposed.

University of Michigan theoretical research (continued) 4. Time-frequency analysis: Novel technique studied for reduction of interference in time-frequency analysis of tubes that display mode competition. 5. Crossed-field-device output characterization: Time frequency analysis being applied to various crossed- field device output, from microwave oven magnetron to CFA's. Noise in crossed-field geometry continues to be investigated. 6. Cathode processes: Processes that affect cathode life and cathode noise (e.g., changes in emission due to evaporation and ion backbombardment) being analyzed.

University of Michigan MICROWAVE PLASMA DISCHARGE CLEANING can clean from the inside of tube can match microwave frequency to tube type no electrode impurities added to system remote cleaning & cleans non-symmetric parts - high density processing plasma (> 10E12- 10e14 /cc) Vs. RF plasmas (~10E9 - 10E10 or ICP =10E12) in principle, no limitation to plasma column length, depends upon the power capability inexpensive sources of 1 kW power at 2.45 GHz

University of Michigan SURFACE WAVE EXCITED PLASMAS Electromagnetic surface waves can sustain long plasma columns wave is excited at one end of a long tube containing a gas (~1 Torr to 750 Torr) EM wave travels along a plasma column it sustains (from the power that is carried by the wave) and these media constitute the wave's sole propagating structure

University of Michigan INITIAL MICROWAVE PLASMA CLEANING STUDIES Microwave resonant cavity Fixed cavity inside diameter of 17.8 cm Sliding short adjusts the length of the cavity to obtain specific electromagnetic modes (14.5 cm to ~9.5 cm Tuning stub, which applies the microwave power to the cavity, is placed very close to the glass tube containing the gas/ plasma

University of Michigan LOW FREQUENCY ION NOISE IN TWT * Professor Y.Y. Lau Nuclear Engineering & Radiological Sciences Dept. University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI *In collaboration with Dave Chernin and Wally Manheimer during sabbatical in 1999

University of Michigan A Comparison of Flicker Noise and Shot Noise on a Hot Cathode * Professor Y.Y. Lau Nuclear Engineering & Radiological Sciences Dept. University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI *In collaboration with K. Jenson and B. Levush during sabbatical in 1999

University of Michigan CONCLUSIONS The University of Michigan will contribute to the MURI-1999 Program in: crossed-field device science intermodulation and noise tube processing techniques time-frequency signal analysis