What we’ve learned so far… Cells make proteins Genetic information is passed on through chromosomes Compacted DNA and proteins= chromosomes Genetic information is stored in the nucleus Genetic information is essential so that each cell is identical (mitosis)

To truly understand genetics, biologists first had to discover the chemical nature of the gene. –How do genes control what you look like?

Vocabulary: Transformation Bacteriophage Nucleotide Base pairing Key Concepts: What did scientists discover about the relationship between genes and DNA? What is the overall structure of the DNA molecule? 12-1 DNA

DNA’s “Experiment” History Griffith: How do certain types of bacteria cause pneumonia? –The experiment that tested this question led to new knowledge. –Genetic information could be transformed from one bacterium to another.

Genetic Info. Transferred

Transformation Heat killed bacteria had passed their disease causing ability to the harmless strain Griffith called this transformation –One strain of bacteria (harmless) had changed into the other (disease causing) Some factor was transferred from the heat killed cells to the live cells –This factor might contain a gene with information that could change harmless bacteria into disease causing ones!

Avery & DNA Avery and a group of scientists decided to repeat Griffith’s experiment –determine which molecule in the heat killed bacteria was needed for transformation Made an extract (juice) from heat killed bacteria and added enzymes that destroy proteins, carbohydrates, & lipids –Transformation still occurred! Repeated the experiment but added enzymes that destroy DNA –Transformation DID NOT occur!!

Avery’s Conclusion What was the “transforming factor”? DNA Conclusion: DNA is the nucleic acid that stores and transmits genetic info from generation to generation

Hershey-Chase Experiment Studied viruses; specifically bacteriophages –Bacterio = bacteria –Phage = eater –Bacteria eater Viruses—made up of: –DNA + protein coat Research Question: Which part of the virus enters the infected bacteria cell?

Grew viruses in the presence of radioactive markers 32 P and 35 S. –Sulfur is found in protein coat –Phosphorus is found in DNA

No Sulfur! Phosphorus!

Hershey-Chase Conclusion Genetic information of the bacteriophage that they infected with bacteria was DNA –NOT protein

What DNA does… Carries information from one generation to the next Put that information to work by determining heritable characteristics Must be easily copied since almost every new cell gets a copy

DNA Structure Made up of nucleotides (monomer) Each composed of 3 parts: –Deoxyribose: sugar –Phosphate group –Nitrogenous (nitrogen containing) base Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C)

Backbone –Deoxyribose & Phosphate Group of each nucleotide “Steps of Ladder” –bases Any base sequence is possible DNA Structure= Double Helix

Chargaff’s Rules What does this data suggest to you? Percentage of Bases in Four Organisms Source of DNAATGC Streptococcus Yeast Herring Human

Oooooohhhh!! Aaaaaahhhhh!!!! A = T (A pairs with T) C = G (C pairs with G)

What DNA Looks Like Rosalind Franklin: used X-Ray diffraction patterns to discover that DNA twisted around each other like a helix

Watson & Crick: while trying to build a 3-D model of DNA, Watson was shown Franklin’s photograph and within weeks, figured out the structure of DNA

What’s holding the strands together? HYDROGEN BONDS!!! Hydrogen Bonds form between A and T base pairs as well as between C and G base pairs