When settlers were taken captive by the Indians, it raised the fundamental issue of A) ransom to be paid. B) which culture was civilizing the other. C) military rescue operations. treaty provisions covering prisoners of war. 2. Metacomet (King Philip) leads a war against New England settlers in the 1670s because A) trade was declining between the settlers and Indians. B) Puritan missionaries had become too aggressive. C) settlers continued to encroach upon Indian lands. D) he needed to divert attention away from internal problems.

outright war to kill Indians and seize lands Bacon - leader legislation that allowed Indians to be termed: ‘enemies if they left their village without permission from the English’

Governor ordered the end of hostilities Bacon rode into Jamestown. Chased the governor away and burnt the capital building offered freedom to any of Berkeley’s supporters, servants or slaves who joined them.

Just as Bacon and rebellion at height of its power Bacon died possibly of dysentery Rebellion was over. Berkeley regained control punished Bacon’s supporters

Aftermath English government sent to troops to quell uprising Virginia at peace long before they arrived. Berkeley recalled New governor implemented some reforms and hit rebels hard Executed leaders and imprisoned others Sending a message that rebellion was never justified, no matter what the provocation. The long term effect for Indians was that the frontier was again pushed back

Possible Explanations A) Instability on frontier mixing of freed servants, blacks, Indians; taxes high, discontent over spending priorities, so rebellion a symbol of class conflict B) lower death rates and immigration of royalists meant social mobility falling Establishing First Families of Virginia – even Bacon excluded C) Bacon as popular democratic hero struggling vs tyranny failure leads to ‘end of American Independence’

Back to the British colonies Not Virginia Not New England But the richest place in the British Empire Barbados

4 times richer than tobacco planter in Chesapeake Barbados Colonized 1630s Annual sugar exports 1650 -150,000 pounds 1700 – 50 Million 1680 planter in Barbados 4 times richer than tobacco planter in Chesapeake

Important for two reasons Wealth Structure Both transferred to mainland

Virginia and wider Chesapeake region was: Remember this man? Virginia and wider Chesapeake region was: Growing Losing attractiveness for Indentured servants But still needed Cheap labor 1650s Africans 3% of Chesapeake Majority population on Barbados

Obtained charter to create colony south of Chesapeake 1663 John Collerton Barbadian planter Obtained charter to create colony south of Chesapeake Carolina 1670 settled in Charles Towne 1712 split into two

Not as good as the old one in my opinion! New England Not as good as the old one in my opinion!

New England Colonies Separatists Pilgrims founded Plymouth in 1620 Separatists Holland 1608 Initially intended to settle in Virginia Blown off course and ended up well north of Virginia’s boundaries 102 survived crossing Arrived late fall Mayflower Compact bound settlers to accept will of the majority

Rescued from disaster by local Wampanoag Indians Samoset, then Squanto Wampanoag provided knowledge and help that enabled them to survive the following winter First full year was still difficult and harsh Only seven buildings erected ½ colonists died New colonists arrived Sickly, and without supplies – strained resources further Like James Town without out help from local native population colony would not have survived

According to Governor William Bradford first winter “was most sad and lamentable” “In two or three months’ time half of [our] company died . . . Being the depth of winter, and wanting houses and other comforts [and] being infected with scurvy and other diseases”

New England Colonies (cont) Puritans secured charter in 1629 Established colony for the Massachusetts Bay Company Settlers arrived in waves, created numerous towns About 13,000 settlers arrived in New England by 1641

Colony prospered economically, but eroded religiously Anne Hutchinson Non-Separatists

When settlers were taken captive by the Indians, it raised the fundamental issue of A) ransom to be paid. B) which culture was civilizing the other. C) military rescue operations. treaty provisions covering prisoners of war. 2. Metacomet (King Philip) leads a war against New England settlers in the 1670s because A) trade was declining between the settlers and Indians. B) Puritan missionaries had become too aggressive. C) settlers continued to encroach upon Indian lands. D) he needed to divert attention away from internal problems.

1660-85 sees massive increase in Eng settlement on east coast Restoration Colonies But also major threats to colonial society New England and Chesapeake - King Philip’s War & Bacon’s Rebellion New Mexico – Pope Can I find figures on population increase?

Problems in New England King Philip’s War

Indian – White relations at low ebb by 1670s. Treaties with Indians not kept, no real attempt by whites to engage with Indians nefarious tactics to get land.

Metacom – named ‘King Philip’ by whites, chief of Wampanoags, Specific grievances loss of tribal lands effect of alcohol and guns on people also Puritan treatment of ‘praying Indians’ confined to praying villages, taken away from homes and families

War probably planned by Metacom/King Philip betrayed by Christian Indian, John Sassamon. Sassamon murdered, seen as evidence his warnings were correct 3 Wampanoag Indians tried and executed for his murder – but real suspicion directed at King Philip Puritans mount pre-emptive strike vs Wampanoag in late 1675

Consequences 3000 Indians killed (50% of popn) Loss of tribal leaders exile of many Indians to west, captives sold into slavery Remaining tribes confined to praying villages. End of Native threat in New England

Cost £100,000 - came close to bankrupting many colonies. 2500 white settlers killed 10% of white men of fighting age Damaged 52 of the 90 settlements in New England, totally destroying 12 of them. Psychological – King Philip’sWar ‘so dreadful a judgment’ for straying from path of righteousness, i.e. a warning from God, yet victory shows God still on white side White settlement restricted, doesn’t reach 1675 levels again until 1710

More Problems in New England Between June – September 1692 in a New England town 19 men and women were carted to Gallows Hill for hanging Another man pressed to death under heavy stones Dozens languished in jail for months without trials. Then, almost as soon as it had begun, the hysteria that swept through Puritan Massachusetts ended.

Background 1688, John Putnam invited Samuel Parris, an influential elder of Salem Village, invited Samuel Parris, a marginally successful planter and merchant in Barbados, to preach in the Village church A year later, after negotiations over salary, inflation adjustments, and free firewood, Parris accepted the job as Village minister. He moved to Salem Village with his wife Elizabeth, six-year-old daughter Betty, niece Abagail Williams, Indian slave Tituba, acquired by Parris in Barbados.

Salem in the midst of change mercantile elite was beginning to develop two clans (the Putnams and the Porters) were competing for control of the village and its pulpit Debate raging over how independent Salem Village tied more to the interior agricultural regions should be from Salem, a center of sea trade.

Betty Parris became strangely ill. February 1692 Betty Parris became strangely ill. Dashed about, Dove under furniture, Contorted in pain, Complained of fever. The cause of her symptoms may have been combination of stress, asthma, guilt, boredom, child abuse, epilepsy, and delusional psychosis.

Cotton Mather recently published "Memorable Providences," At the time there was another theory to explain the girls' symptoms. Cotton Mather recently published "Memorable Providences," Described suspected witchcraft of an Irish washerwoman in Boston Betty's behavior in some ways mirrored that of the afflicted person

Easy to believe in 1692 in Salem Remains of an Indian war raging less than seventy miles away many refugees from the war had settled in the area The devil was close at hand Sudden and violent death occupied minds.

Why did this travesty of justice occur? Why did it occur in where it did? Nothing about this tragedy was inevitable. Only an unfortunate combination of an ongoing frontier war economic conditions congregational strife teenage boredom personal jealousies can account for the accusations, trials, and executions that occurred in the spring and summer of 1692 in Salem