פרק א': קטגוריזציה מסורתית של סוגי אפזיה

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Presentation transcript:

פרק א': קטגוריזציה מסורתית של סוגי אפזיה פרפזיה שיום חזרה הבנה שטף סוג האפזיה דיסאינטגרציה פונמית (אגרמטיזם) Expressive פונמיות+ סמנטיות Perceptive פונמיות  Conduction Global  Trans. Sensory  Trans. Motor  Mixed Trans.

Lesions in BA 44 and 45 – Broca’s first patients Fig. 3 Photographs of the brains of Leborgne and Lelong, Paul Broca’s first two aphasic patients. (A) Lateral view of the brain of the first patient, Leborgne. The external lesion is clearly visible in the inferior frontal lobe. The softening in the area superior and posterior to the lesion suggests further cortical and subcortical involvement. (B) Close-up of the visible lesion in Leborgne’s brain. (C) Lateral view of Broca’s second patient, Lelong. The frontal, temporal and parietal lobes have retracted due to severe atrophy, exposing the insula. (D) Close-up of the visible lesion in Lelong’s brain. Note that only the most posterior part of what is currently called Broca’s area is infarcted; the anterior portion is completely spared.

Leborgne’s brain - MRI

Wernicke Aphasia The brain of a patient who suffered from Wernicke’s aphasia due to a stroke in the left middle cerebral artery

Conduction Aphasia Language output is fluent Content is paraphasic usually literal/ phonemic – attempt to produce repeated approximations of the word are called conduit d’approche Repetition is poor, auditory comprehension is normal Generally there is damage to supramarginal gyrus Classical correlation was with the arcuate fasciculus, a bundle of nerve fibers that lies below the supramarginal gyrus in the temporal lobe and connects Broca's and Wernicke's areas

Conduction aphasia – Wernicke’s model

Conduction Aphasia: Geschwind’d model

Is it indeed a pure subcortical pathology? Alternatively, conduction aphasia might be induced by cortical dysfunction, which impairs the phonological output lexicon. We observed an epileptic patient who, during cortical stimulation of her posterior superior temporal gyrus, demonstrated frequent phonemic paraphasias, decreased repetition of words, and yet had intact semantic knowledge, a pattern consistent with conduction aphasia. These findings suggest that cortical dysfunction alone may induce conduction aphasia

Global Aphasia Most severe of all aphasias- significant impairment in all aspects of language Language output is severely limited and comprehension is very impaired No repetition, naming or writing Buccofacial and limb apraxia are common, right hemiplegia may also occur Most typical lesion undercuts the entire perisylvian region Much clinical variability is seen – ranging from frontal lesions to deep subcortical temporal lesions Prognosis is poor – eventually patients may improve comprehension and qualify for severe Broca’s aphasia

Transcortical Sensory Aphasia Repetition is preserved but there is no comprehension and propositional speech Semantic processing is affected and hence semantic paraphasia dominates Occurs when Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the arcuate fasciculus are undamaged but are cut off from the rest of the brain by infarcted tissue Lesions in middle and inferior temporal gyri Such lesions would be found in Brodmann's areas 37, 22, and 39

Transcortical Motor Aphasia Language output is non-fluent: initiation block, reduction in phrase length, simplification of grammatical form Patients of TCMA are initially mute and may remain mute for many days Echolalia (particularly incorporation) is observed Repetition, articulation and oral reading are normal The classical patient has a large dorsolateral frontal lesion extending deep into the white matter Connections between the Broca’s area and Brodmann’s Area 6, pre-motor area or basal ganglia are severed

Mixed Transcortical Aphasia Comprehension is impaired and naming is poor Repetition is preserved Echolalia and fragmentary sentence starters are common MTA requires a combination of the lesions of TCMA and TCSA Patients are mute initially. When they speak it is like patients with TCSA. Most cases are due to large frontal lesions in the region of TCMA lesions.

חולשות הגישה האנטומית-קלינית איננה רגישה מספיק לשונות בין היכולות הלשוניות של חולים. היכולות הלשוניות של חולים אינן תואמות מספיק את החלוקה הקלינית. אין קשר ברור בין מהות הנזקים ובין הירידה התפקודית בתחום השפה, במיוחד במחלות ניווניות או גידולים. הגדרת התסמונת איננה מדויקת מספיק כדי לאפשר קביעת תוכנית טיפול

האלטרנטיבה: ניתוח בלשני ונוירו-בלשני של הליקוי השפתי יתרונות: תיאור מדויק של הליקוי תורם לקביעת תוכנית שיקום מתאימה יותר. מאפשר תיאור טוב יותר של התסמונת המאפיינת את החולה הפרטי. רגיש ללקויים ברמות לשוניות מורכבות יותר. יוצר קשר עם עולם ידע ובעיקר, מתודולוגיות מחקר מתוחכמות יותר. תורם להבנת המנגנונים במוח המעורבים בתפקוד שפתי. חסרונות: מחייב ידע רחב יותר, לעתי ידע שאיננו מצוי בידי צוות טיפולי. השונות הבין-אישית הרבה במיקום ואייפיון הרשתות העצביות המעורבות בתפקוד שפתי הופך את הגדרת התסמונות קשה עוד יותר.

פרק ב': רמות עיבוד לשוני השימוש בשפה על בסיס הידע על העולם. הומור, משמעויות כפולות, קונוטציות ומטפורות Pragmatics משמעויות המלים המשפטים והמסרים Semantics חוקי מבנה המשפט Syntax הטיות, גזירות, שורשים, בניינים ומשקלים Morphology מבנה המלים Phonology צלילי השפה Phonetics "המנגינה" שבדיבור Prosody

תרשים זרימה של מערכת יצירת והבנת שפה CONCEPTUALIZER (Levelt, 1989) discourse model pragmatic knowledge etc. message generation monitoring preverbal message parsed speech FORMULATOR SPEECH COMPREHENSION SYSTEM grammatical encoding LEXICON lemmas Surface structure forms phonological encoding phonetic plan (internal speech) הגישה הנוירו-בלשנית phonetic string ARTICULATOR AUDITION Overt speech

Pragmatics הידע על העולם המאפשר תקשורת מילולית:

Prosody מאפשרת העברת מסר מעבר למשמעות הישירה של המלים קצב גובה צליל עוצמה דגשים הפסקות

עולם המושגים והמשמעויות הבחנה בין עולם המושגים ומשמעויות של מלים קטגוריות סמנטיות סמנטיקה לשונית לעומת סמנטיקה תפיסתית. רשת סמנטית דינאמיקה ברשת: קשרים סמנטיים קשרים אסוציאטיביים

רשת סמנטית

תחביר תחביר, דקדוק סדר המלים מילות קישור ויחס (“אל” “עם”, “ו”) האם התחביר מולד? - Chomsky חוקים אוניברסליים וספציפיים לשפה.

מורפולוגיה מורפמה - היחידה הפונולוגית הקטנה ביותר בעלת משמעות: מלים בעברית הן לפחות בי-מורפמיות מוספיות, הטיות וגזירות ספר – ספרים ספר - ספריה בשפות רבות "מלות גזע" (stem) ומוספיות happy – happiness part – apartment – participation מיקומו של מידע פונולוגי בלקסיקון

פונולוגיה פונמה - היחידה הקטנה ביותר המשנה משמעות ברק = 5 פונמות /b/ /a/ /r/ /a/ /k/ /b/ /a/ /r/ /a/ /d/ יחידה מופשטת – לא צלילית!! קטגוריזציה - נרכשת על ידי המערכת הלשונית בינקות התמרה פונטית-פונמית והתמרה גרפמית-פונמית מידע פונולוגי בלקסיקון: Syllabic structure Stress pattern of the word Segmental contents of the syllables (onset and rime)

פונטיקה צלילי השפה – יצירת קול על ידי ויסות וסינון זרמי אויר היוצאים מהראות. תכוניות פונטיות מבחינות (distinctive features) קוליות Voice Onset Time (VOT) Place of articulation אפיות עיצורים ותנועות ארטיקולציה – מערכת מוטורית המבצעת את עבודת הויסות והסינון תפיסה פונטית לעומת תפיסה אקוסטית – אפקט McGurk כדוגמה פענוח וקטגוריזציה פונטית – מושג הארטיקולציה המשותפת יכולת מולדת המבוססת על מנגנונים מוחיים ייעודיים.

פרק ג: ליקויי שפה – הגישה הנוירו-בלשנית Nagao et al., 1999 Cohen et al., 1994 ליקויים ברמה הפונטית Dysarthria (phonetic disintegration): A collective name for a group of related speech disorders that are due to disturbances in muscular control of the speech mechanism resulting from impairment of any of the basic motor processes involved in the execution of speech’ – A condition more frequent in non-fluent aphasia Speech apraxia: (Acquired and developmental): Problems with coordination of speech output. A difficulty putting sounds and syllables together in the correct order to form words. Associated with lesions in the left anterior part of the insula. Aprosodia: (expressive and sensory): difficulties in expressing or comprehending emotional tone of speech (rhythm, pitch, stress, intonation, etc.) that usually occur following non-language-dominant hemisphere damage.

ליקויי שפה – הגישה הנוירו-בלשנית ליקויים פונמיים ופונולוגיים. Phonemic substitutions, additions and deletions (item-specific and feature specific) Conduite d’approche (more frequent in Broca than Wernicke and most frequent in conduction aphasia) Phonemic paraphasia Neologisms and jargon aphasia Word finding difficulties and phonological anomia Deficits of lexical (phonological) representations versus deficits of translation. It is worth noting that the neologisms use the full repertory of phonemes (and no non-English phonemes) in phonotactically legal ways, suggesting that there are No specific deficits in translation. The claim that neologisms strategically substitute for search failures.

ליקויי שפה – הגישה הנוירו-בלשנית ליקויים בתחום הדקדוק Telegraphic speech Syntactic deficits Morphological deficits – inflectional morphology Sentence level disorders (relational; passive active; etc.)

ליקויי שפה – הגישה הנוירו-בלשנית ליקויים בתחום הסמנטי וליקויים על רקע ניוון מוחי Semantic paraphasia Primary Progressive Aphasia (Fronto-temporal lobar degeneration) Non-fluent variant (Progressive, non-fluent aphasia) Effortful speech, anomia, articulatory breakdown, phonemic paraphasia Semantic variant (Semantic dementia) Fluent aphasia, anomia, impaired comprehension and visual associative agnosia (semantic difficulties – Pyramids and Palm trees test). Logopenic variant (Logopenic progressive aphasia) Slow speech, impaired syntactic comprehension and naming difficulties Language disorders in fronto-temporal dementia

Primary Progressive Aphasia

Primary Progressive Aphasia (Wilson et al, 2010)

PPA – Disruptions of Fluency Figure 2 Speech rate and speech sound errors. (A) Overall speech rate in each of the five groups. Error bars show standard deviation. Each patient is represented by a circle, with outliers (42 SD from the mean for the patient’s group) shaded grey. Within each patient group, patients are arranged from left to right in order of decreasing mini-mental state examination score, an approximate measure of disease progression. (B) Maximum speech rate. (C) Distortions. (D) Phonological paraphasias. (E) Voxel-based morphometry showing brain regions where atrophy was correlated with reduced maximum rate (red), increased numbers of distortions (blue) and increased numbers of phonological paraphasias (green). Statistical t maps were projected onto the lateral surface of the left hemisphere; also shown is a sagittal cut through the superior longitudinal fasciculus. Regions shown were statistically significant at P50.05 corrected for multiple comparisons based on cluster size, with the exception of the region associated with phonological paraphasias (dagger), which was only marginally significant (cluster size = 518 mm3, P = 0.012). wpm= words per minute; phw = per hundred words; NFV = non-fluent variant; SV = semantic variant; LV = logopenic variant; NC= normal controls.

PPA- Additional fluency problems Figure 4 Other disruptions to fluency. (A) False starts. (B) Filled pauses. (C) Repaired sequences. (D) Incomplete sentences. (E) Voxel-based morphometry showing brain regions where atrophy was correlated with increased numbers of false starts (red), increased numbers of filled pauses (blue) and increased numbers of repaired sequences (green). phw = per hundred words; NFV = non-fluent variant; SV = semantic variant; LV = logopenic variant; NC= normal controls.

PPA- Lexical content problems Figure 5 Lexical content. (A) Closed class words (as a proportion of all words). (B) Pronouns (as a proportion of all nominals, i.e. pronouns and nouns). (C) Verbs (as a proportion of the two major open classes, i.e. verbs and nouns). (D) Mean log frequency of nouns. (E) Voxel-based morphometry showing brain regions where atrophy was correlated with greater proportions of pronouns (red), greater proportions of verbs (blue) and higher frequency nouns (green). NFV = non-fluent variant; SV = semantic variant; LV = logopenic variant; NC= normal controls.

PPA – Syntactic structure problems Figure 6 Syntactic structure and complexity. (A) Mean length of utterances. (B) Words in sentences (as a proportion of all words). (C) Syntactic errors. (D) A summary syntax measure, comprising the first principal component derived from words in sentences and syntactic errors. (E) Embeddings. (F) Semantic errors, i.e. sentences that were syntactically correct but semantically anomalous or inappropriate. (G) Voxel-based morphometry showing brain regions where atrophy was correlated with lower scores on the composite syntactic measure indicating greater syntactic impairments (red) and reduced numbers of embeddings (blue). The syntax measures were not used independently for voxel-based morphometry because they each captured only a subset of patients with syntactic deficits. Phw = per hundred words; NFV = non-fluent variant; SV = semantic variant; LV = logopenic variant; NC= normal controls; PC = principal component.

על הקשר בין מערכת מוטורית ושפה 36