Men in Contemporary America Why is Muscularity Sexy? Tests of the Fitness Indicator Hypothesis Maggie, Genie, Joe Frederick, D., Haselton, M. (2007). Why is muscularity sexy? Tests of the fitness indicator hypothesis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(8),

Purpose Researched how certain levels of male masculinity is perceived by females, and how these levels of masculinity affect how many lifetime partners a guy has. Study 1: Examined difference in how women rated each body on the dimensions of sexual desirability, dominance, commitment, and volatility. – Participants included 141 UCLA undergraduate female students. Mean age – Researchers altered the muscularity and body weight of 6 images. All other factors, such as height, were held constant. – Researcher showed participants the 6 computer-generated images of men. – Participants were to rate the body types, ratings were made on a 9-point Likert scale (1 = not at all, 9 = extremely)

Study 1 Tested women’s ratings of physical attractiveness and sexual desirability of muscular men Participant included 141 undergraduate female participants with a mean age of All participants attended UCLA. Showed the participants computer-generated pictures of men. Researchers altered the muscularity and body weight of the images. All other factors, such as height, were held constant. The first variable altered was defined as muscular or non-muscular. The second was total body weight, either large (230lb) medium (190) or small (150). There were six possible variations of these different types of bodies, brawny (large, muscular) built (medium, muscular) toned (small, muscular) chubby (large, non-muscular) typical (medium, non-muscular) slender (small, non- muscular).

I Adapted from Frederick and Haselton, 2007, p

Results of Female Ratings Women reported that muscular men were more sexually desirable than non-muscular men and that moderately muscular men (built, toned) were most desirable. Women also reported that muscular men (toned, built, brawny) are more physically dominant and volatile but less likely to be committed to their partners, than each of the non- muscular men (slender, typical, chubby). – Brawny men were rated as most dominant, most volatile and least committed

Study 4 Tested the prediction about men’s reports of their own sexual histories Hypothesized that muscular men would report having more lifetime sexual partners than non-muscular men Participants were 99 men with a mean age of Participants were photographed and asked how many different partners they had ever had sexual intercourse with. These pictures were then showed to a group of judges (3 women and 1 man), the judges were then told to code the men for muscularity and body fat, using a 9-point Likert scale

Appendix A and B – showing Images Representing Men Varying in Muscularity (a) and (b) in Body Fat Level

Results of Male Self-ratings Greater muscularity, as coded by independent judges, was associated with greater lifetime partner numbers. – Finding supports the prediction that muscular men have more mating opportunities. – Men who were more muscular reported more lifetime sex partners

Critical Review There were certain strengths and limitations to these studies; one limitation was that the participants that were tested were all young college students who may have differing preferences than the overall population. However in saying that college students are also a perfect pool to pick from because college aged students are at the point in their lives in which they are actively seeking out possible mates. Another was that the study should perhaps be preformed in other areas of the country and even in the world as preferences may differ according to location. One strength was that the use of computer generated images for the first study minimizes the confounds associated with images of real men and offers the ability to vary the levels of masculinity systematically. The results across the studies supported the scientist’s original hypothesis, that muscularity is a sexually selected fitness cue. Therefore if muscularity is a cue of fitness, muscular men should have more mating opportunities.

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Quiz Questions 1. Muscular men have less lifetime partners and are perceived as being more committed in a relationship than when compared to nonmuscular men? (T/F) 2. On average women prefer a man that is not to slender and not to brawny, somewhere in the middle? (T/F) 3. There were no limitations to this study because the study group was representative of the overall population (T/F) 4. Based on women’s ratings of muscular and nonmuscular men, A. Brawny and slender men were rated as more desirable than built and toned men B. Nonmuscular men were rated as more dominant than muscular men C. Among the muscular men, brawny men were rated the most volatile and toned Men were rated the least volatile D. Brawny men were perceived as being the most committed 5. Participants from this study attended: A. LMU B. UCLA C. USC D. UCSB 6. Why was the use of electronically produced pictures of males a strength for this study?

Quiz Answers 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. C. 5. B. 6. Because this minimizes confounds associated with images of real men and offers the ability to systematically vary levels of muscularity.