Microeconomics Mr. Giesler Economics

Why Microeconomics Is Important At A Business And Professional Level Imagine for a moment that you are a small business owner Questions and Concerns that you will have How can my firm minimize its costs and increase its profits? What prices should I charge for my products? Should I invest in new plant and equipment? How should I respond to an aggressive strategic move by one of my competitors From A Personal Level (as a student) How can I maximize my grade point average given my time constraints? Will I really be better off financially if I quit my job now and go back for an MBA degree? What kind of career should I be preparing myself for? What about that new refrigerator or automobile I want to buy--should I get the new, energy-efficient one?

What Is Microeconomics? The word micro means small, and microeconomics focuses on the behavior of individual markets and the smaller individual units that make up the broader economy -- businesses, consumers, investors, and workers. Microeconomics is distinguished from macroeconomics which focuses on problems in the broader economy like inflation and unemployment and the rate of economic growth. Adam Smith – the father of microeconomics In The Wealth of Nations (1776), Smith considered how Individual prices are set, studied the determination of prices for land, labor, and capital, and examined the strengths and weaknesses of the free market mechanism.

TTYN: Think of an example of the “Invisible Hand” theory Adam Smith identified the remarkable efficiency properties of perfectly competitive markets. Using his “invisible hand” analogy, Smith argued that the self-interested actions of individuals actually guide market outcomes to yield great economic benefits for the broader society TTYN: Think of an example of the “Invisible Hand” theory Example, recognizing a need that kids are not doing enough hula hooping, I would like would like to go into the hula hoop business, and therefore would enter some kind of industry related to hula hoops. Instead of the government (for example, a mandated quota) or custom dictating the best use of my resources, I would direct my resources based on competitive sense of supply and demand

A Mixed Economy Adam Smith had a vision of a perfectly competitive marketplace delivering goods and services at lowest price and highest quality. The U.S., as well as most other modern industrialized nations, has what is called a mixed economy. At one end of this mixed economy, we have industries like farming and mining. These industries are characterized by many buyers and sellers and come closest to approximating Adam Smith's model of perfect competition. At the other end, we have government involvement, which, historically has caused enduring debates of gov’t involvement regarding the private and public sectors

The American free enterprise system emphasizes private ownership. Private businesses produce most goods and services, and almost two-thirds of the nation's total economic output goes to individuals for personal use (the remaining one-third is bought by government and business). The consumer role is so great, in fact, that the nation is sometimes characterized as having a "consumer economy.“ TTYN: Americans generally believe that an economy characterized by private ownership is likely to operate more efficiently than one with substantial government ownership. WHY? When economic forces are unfettered, Americans believe, supply and demand determine the prices of goods and services. Prices, in turn, tell businesses what to produce; if people want more of a particular good than the economy is producing, the price of the good rises. In response, other companies increase production of that particular product. What happens next?

Pure Monopoly

Pure monopoly exists when a single firm is the sole producer of a product for which there are no close substitutes. Examples are public utilities and professional sports leagues Characteristics 1. A single seller: the firm and industry are synonymous. 2. Unique product: no close substitutes for the firm’s product. 3. The firm is the price maker: the firm has considerable control over the price because it can control the quantity supplied. 4. Entry or exit is blocked.

Oligopoly

Oligopolies are industries which typically have a small number of large firms. Many of America’s largest industries are oligopolies much more likely to engage in collusive practices such as price fixing than the type of fierce competition envisioned by Adam Smith. The degree of market concentration is very high. Firms within an oligopoly produce branded products (advertising and marketing is an important feature of competition within such markets) and there are also barriers to entry. Another important characteristic of an oligopoly is interdependence between firms. This means that each firm must take into account the likely reactions of other firms in the market when making pricing and investment decisions. This creates uncertainty in such markets - which economists seek to model through the use of game theory.

A Command Economy The government makes all the important decisions about production and distribution. The government owns most of the means of production (land and capital). It also owns and directs the operations of enterprises in most industries. It is the employer of most workers and tells them how to do their jobs. And it decides how the output of the society is to be divided among different goods and services. TTYN: Identify several countries that would be considered Command Economies. Are there limitations or obvious problems with a command economy?

Three Questions -- Three Facets What shall be produced? How shall it be produced? For whom shall it be produced for? Three Facets Scarcity Efficiency Equity TTYN: Describe Scarcity If infinite quantities of every good could be produced, there would not be economic goods--goods that are scarce or limited in supply. All goods would be free, like sand in the desert or seawater at the beach.