Alford Academy Business Education and Computing1 Advanced Higher Computing Based on Heriot-Watt University Scholar Materials Waterfall, Scope, Project Proposal

Alford Academy Business Education and Computing2 Lesson Objectives Waterfall model (arguments for and against) Project Scope Project Proposal

Alford Academy Business Education and Computing 3 Waterfall Model Proceed from one phase to the next in a purely sequential manner. Complete the analysis producing a requirements specification, which are set in stone. Proceed to design. When design is completed a blueprint is drawn for implementers (coders) to follow — this design should be a plan for implementing the requirements given. Implementation is followed by testing, debugging and then maintenance.

Alford Academy Business Education and Computing 4 Waterfall Model Arguments ForArguments Against  Errors found in the early stages of the development process (such as requirements specification or design) is cheaper, in terms of money, effort and time, to fix than the same bug found later on. It has been estimated that a requirements defect that is left undetected until implementation or maintenance will cost 50 to 200 times as much to fix as it would have cost to fix at requirements time.  This approach places emphasis on documentation – each stage has its own form of documentation. Easier to manage in the event of eg programmers leaving a company, etc  A structured and disciplined approach that requires each stage to be 100% complete and perfect before moving onto the next stage. Many argue that it is impossible, for any non-trivial project, to get one phase of the software development process perfected before moving on to the next phases and learning from them. For example:  Clients may not be aware of exactly what requirements they want before they see a working prototype and can comment upon it;  Clients may change their requirements constantly, and program designers and implementers may have little control over this.

Alford Academy Business Education and Computing 5 Project Management Triangle Like any human undertaking, projects need to be developed and delivered under certain constraints. The amount of time available to complete a project The budgeted amount available for the project What must be done to produce the project's end result

Alford Academy Business Education and Computing 6 Example – Introducing A New Course Cost - £500 to cover: photcopying, laminating and binding course booklets Toner cartridge and laser printer paper for course notes and PPT slides Scope – develop 7 topic PPT introductions, write course notes, self-assessment questions, end of topic tests. Schedule – 1 month

Alford Academy Business Education and Computing 7 Scope of SD Projects Small scale projectMedium scale projectLarge scale project Student AH Computing Project Installing a home network Computerising a small GP practice Computerising small library with web access Updating office filing system from manual to electronic College extending its LAN to a WAN Multi-national company providing Internet Services Supermarket chain introducing new technologies in all branches Computer Systems: 1-10Computer Systems: Computer Systems: 10,000+

Alford Academy Business Education and Computing 8 Project Proposal Starts with perceived need of the client Can be an individual but generally a business or company that needs change Change can be to an existing system or the installation of a new system Proposal put together by management team

Alford Academy Business Education and Computing 9 Project Proposal 1. Scope and objectives to solve the problem 2. Outcomes 3. Major Risks 4. Resources and Time 5. Outputs Formal document which goes to tender

Alford Academy Business Education and Computing 10 Activities Look at the format of a typical project proposal on pages 8-9 of the Scholar booklet Answer Review questions 1-3 on page 10 of the Scholar booklet Homework – Read pages 2-9 of Scholar booklet and begin to prepare your own summary notes – you may wish to copy some of the text and tables from the Scholar website