Carsharing and Fractional Ownership Susan Shaheen, Ph.D. Lecturer and Co-Director, University of California, Berkeley SAP Workshop February 20, 2013

Overview Worldwide overview Industry trends & developments Carsharing impacts New market segments: PVS and one-way

Worldwide & Regional Membership ( )

Worldwide & Regional Fleets ( )

2012 Worldwide Census Asia Australia Europe N. America S. America Worldwide Members 160,500 25, , ,584 1,500 1,788,027 Vehicles 6,155 1,080 20,464 15, ,554 Ratio

Carsharing Phases in North America to mid-2002 mid-2002 to late-2007 late-2007 to present

Industry Trends & Developments Continued membership growth Mergers and acquisitions Continued growth/expansion of multi-national operators, traditional car rental providers, automaker sponsored programs Notable developments in one-way carsharing, personal vehicle sharing, and public bikesharing

State of the Industry – As of July 2012 U.S. Data: – 806,332 members / 12,634 vehicles / 26 programs currently reporting Canadian Data: – 101,502 members / 3,143 vehicles / 19 programs

N.A. Vehicle Holdings: Key Findings Between 9 to 13 vehicles removed, including postponed purchase 4 to 6 vehicles/carsharing vehicle sold due to carsharing Most shift due to 1 car households becoming carless Second largest shift, 2 car households become 1 car households 25% sell a vehicle 25% postpone vehicle purchase Martin, Shaheen, Lidicker, 2010

CO2 & Carsharing: Key Findings Net effect: observed reduction in CO2 emissions.75 mt/respondent U.S..22 mt/respondent CA Average.58 mt/respondent (27% observed and 43% full impact) Martin, Shaheen, Lidicker, 2010

GHG Emission Impacts of Carsharing in North America transweb.sjsu.edu/project/0911.html

Personal Vehicle Sharing Personal vehicle sharing models first seen in North America in 2001, eGOCarShare, RentMyCar Continues to increase in popularity As of April 2012, 33 personal vehicle sharing operators worldwide Ten active or in pilot phase in North America Short-term access to privately-owned vehicles

Individuals sub-lease or subscribe to vehicle owned by a third party Fractional Ownership Individuals access vehicles by joining an organization that maintains its own fleet of vehicles, but also includes private autos, throughout a network of locations Hybrid P2P-Traditional Carsharing Model Employs privately-owned vehicles made temporarily available for shared use by individual or members of P2P company P2P Carsharing Enables direct exchanges between individuals via Internet P2P Marketplace 4 Types of Personal Vehicle Sharing

Personal Vehicle Sharing in N. America: How to Address Trust Issues Shaheen, Mallery, and Kingsley, 2012

Acknowledgements North American carsharing, personal vehicle sharing, and public bikesharing organizations Mineta Transportation Institute, San Jose State University California Department of Transportation Adam Cohen, Dr. Elliot Martin, and Dr. Jeff Lidicker, TSRC, UC Berkeley