Relationships between Phuphanochloa (Bambuseae, Bambusoideae, Poaceae) and its related genera Sarawood Sungkaew 1, Atchara Teerawatananon 2,3 and Trevor R. Hodkinson 3 1 Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand. 2 Thailand Natural History Museum, National Science Museum, Techno polis, Pathum Thani, Thailand. 3 Department of Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.

Bambuseae s.s. Olyreae Arundinarieae P&AP&A N T BEPBEP Olyreae Neotropical Bambuseae Palaeotropical and Austral Bambuseae M rP&A Arundinarieae Bambusoideae s.s. Pooideae Ehrhartoideae OUTGROUP (Panicoideae) This scenario is now accepted by BPG (Bamboo Phylogeny Group, a robust group of researchers working on the diversity, taxonomy, and evolution of bamboos.

Phuphanochloa Sungkaew & Teerawat., KEW BULLETIN VOL. 63: 669–673 (2008) a monotypic genus, consisted of a single species, P. speciosa Sungkaew & Teerawat.

CharactersBambusaBoniaDendrocalamusGigantochloaPhuphanochloaThyrsostachys Habitusually erectscramblingUsually erectusually erect Branch number at mid-culm branch complement severalsingleSeveralseveral Culm-sheath auricles; oral setae/ Culm- sheath blade usually conspicuous; always present/ usually erect usually conspicuous, occasionally inconspicuous or small; usually present, occasionally absent/ erect to deflexed conspicuous, but often small to absent; present or absent/ erect to deflexed usually absent or small; usually absent, occasionally present/ erect to deflexed usually absent or small; always absent/ spreading to deflexed, never erect usually absent or small; usually absent/ erect, occasionally deflexed Number of glumes per spikelet 0–30–2(1–)2–4(–9)1–51–41–3(–4) Number of fertile florets per spikelet 2–133–91–8(1–)2–57–91–3 Rachilla internodes distinct and disarticulating obscure and not disarticulating distinct and disarticulating obscure and not disarticulating Stigmatypically (1–)3, plumose typically 3, plumosetypically 1(–3), plumose typically 1, plumosetypically 3, slightly plumose typically 1–3, plumose Filamentstypically free always fused into a firm tube typically free Breaking up at maturity of spikelets either break up above the glume(s) or between the florets unknownusually break up above the glume(s) usually break up in one of two ways (both of which are usually present on any single individual); either above the glume(s) or above the lowest floret usually break up above the glume(s) Comparative table of habit and morphological characters between Bambusa, Bonia, Dendrocalamus, Gigantochloa, Phuphanochloa and Thyrsostachys

Tree length: 81 CI: 0.97 RI: 0.98 One of three equally most parsimonious trees shown as a phylogram obtained from comparative sequence analysis of combined trnL-F, atpB-rbcL, rps16 and matK sequence data. Values above branches represent the number of steps supporting each branch. Values below branches represent the percentages of bootstrap supporting each branch. Arrow head represents node not supported by strict consensus. Bam = Bambusa Cep = Cephalostachyum Den = Dendrocalamus Gig = Gigantochloa Pse = Pseudostachyum Sch = Schizostachyum Thy = Thyrsostachys

Dendrocalamus khoonmengii sp. nov. Acknowledgements o Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Thailand o Trinity College Dublin o BRT T_ Thanks a million!