Chapter 2 Constructing a Government: The Founding and the Constitution Theodore J. Lowi Benjamin Ginsberg Kenneth A. Shepsle Stephen Ansolabhere AMERICAN GOVERNMENT POWER & PURPOSE

The First Founding There was a variety of interests in colonial America. They included: –New England merchants –Southern planters –Royalists –Shopkeepers, artisans, and laborers –Small farmers

British Taxes and Colonial Interests Beginning in the 1750s, the British Crown began imposing a series of modest taxes on the colonists, in part to pay some of the costs of imperial defense. The particular types of taxes—levies on stamps and commercial goods, like sugar and molasses—caused several of the colonial interests to begin to organize against the Crown.

Rationality Principle Which of the following interests in colonial society was mostly likely to organize in opposition to taxes on commerce such as the Stamp Act and the Sugar Act? A.New England merchants B.Southern planters C.Royalists D.Shopkeepers, artisans, and laborers E.Small farmers

Which of the following interests in colonial society was mostly likely to organize in opposition to taxes on commerce such as the Stamp Act and the Sugar Act? A.New England merchants B.Southern planters C.Royalists D.Shopkeepers, artisans, and laborers E.Small farmers Rationality Principle

Political Strife and the Radicalizing of the Colonists A series of provocative acts and counter- acts radicalized the colonists and led to the Declaration of Independence. –Boston Tea Party (1773) –First Continental Congress (1774) –Lexington and Concord (1775) –Second Continental Congress (1776) This is the Collective Action Principle in action.

The Declaration of Independence “All men are created equal.” Governments derive their legitimacy from the consent of the governed. Declares that when a government no longer serves the needs of the people, the people have a right to revolt. Does not create a government.

The Revolutionary War The War of Independence was long and bloody, with tens of thousands of casualties among colonists, British soldiers, and native Americans who fought on both sides. The colonists ultimately prevailed because it was so long, so bloody, and so expensive and, for the British, there was no end in sight.

The Articles of Confederation The first American Constitution America is really 13 sovereign states with a weak central government –No standing army –Weak executive –No ability to tax and spend –Problems of international standing –Shays’s Rebellion

Constitutional Convention (1787): Key Issues Key Issues: –Revise or scrap the Articles of Confederation –National Power vs. State Power –How much democracy? –Slavery Some answers: –The Great Compromise –The Three-Fifths Compromise

The Constitution The Convention produced a Constitution with seven articles. –The first three articles outline the structure and power of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. –Other articles relate to national power, the amendment process, and the ratification process. It is a brief document.

Article I: Legislative Branch Bicameralism – Division of a legislative assembly into two chambers or houses Expressed Powers of Government Necessary and Proper Clause – Also referred to as the “elastic clause”

Article II: Executive Branch Provides for an independent, stronger, and more “energetic” executive than in the Articles of Confederation. The president is commander in chief, chief executive, and chief diplomat. Other powers include the nomination of executive and judicial officials and the power to grant reprieves and pardons.

Article III: Judicial Branch Provides for a Supreme Court and other federal courts Congress can establish. Justices and judges have lifetime terms and are nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate. Does not explicitly provide for judicial review—the power of the courts to declare actions of the legislative and executive branches invalid or unconstitutional.

Clicker Question: Articles I, II, and III Which of the first three articles is longest and most specific in its grant of governmental power? A. Article I – Legislative Branch B. Article II – Executive Branch C. Article III – Judicial Branch

Clicker Question: Articles I, II, and III Which of the first three articles is longest and most specific in its grant of governmental power? A. Article I – Legislative Branch B. Article II – Executive Branch C. Article III – Judicial Branch

Articles I, II, and III: The Separation of Powers

Articles IV and VI: National Unity and Power Article IV provides reciprocity among the states through the “full faith and credit” clause and the “privileges and immunities” clause. Article VI promotes national power through the national supremacy clause.

Article V: Amending the Constitution Sets forth the procedures for amending the Constitution

Article VII: Ratification Calls for ratifying conventions in each of the 13 states The Constitution is deemed ratified when 9 of the 13 states vote to ratify.

Constitutional Limits on the National Government’s Power Separation of Powers – Division of governmental power among several institutions Federalism – Divides power between a central government and regional governments Bill of Rights – Ensures certain rights and liberties to the people

The Fight for Ratification: Federalists vs. Antifederalists Federalists favored ratification and a stronger national government. Antifederalists opposed ratification but disagreed among themselves about what the alternative should be. At issue: –Nature of representation –Danger posed by tyranny of the majority –Scope and location of governmental power

The Fight for Ratification

Discussion/Clicker Question Which contemporary group’s ideas do the Antifederalists’ ideas resemble? A. Occupy Wall Street B. Tea Party C. Green Party D. Libertarian Party

The Fight for Ratification: The Bill of Rights The Bill of Rights is one key result of the fight for ratification

Federalists vs. Antifederalists: Limiting Governmental Power Representation – Antifederalists wanted more representatives and greater representation of various interests. Threats Posed by the Majority – Federalists worried about the tyranny of the majority. Governmental Power – Federalists wanted more centralized power. Antifederalists wanted more local control.

Beyond the Constitution: Limiting Governmental Power The Federalists and Antifederalists agreed that governmental power had to be checked; they also agreed that “mere parchment barriers” would not be enough. In Federalist 10, James Madison outlines the strongest argument from the Federalist camp for why popular government will succeed in the new United States.

Beyond the Constitution: Limiting Governmental Power In Federalist 10, James Madison argues: –The key problem of democracy is instability and factionalism. –Factions are sown into the nature of man. –So we must control the effects of faction: Representation and “filtering” of public opinion “Extend the Sphere” – Take in a greater variety of interests The American “solution” is that we’ll agree to disagree!

Amending the Constitution There have been just 17 amendments to the Constitution since Two of these cancel each other out (Prohibition). The remaining 15 amendments can be broken down into 3 categories.

Expansion of the Electorate

Changing Elections

Expanding and Limiting the Power of Government

Lincoln, “The Perpetuation of Our Political Institutions” Lincoln argues for the rule of law. The perpetuation of our political institutions requires that citizens must not tolerate any violation of the law, no matter how small. We should work to change unjust laws, but they must be observed while they are in force.

King, “Letter From a Birmingham Jail” King argues for civil disobedience in the face of unjust or immoral laws. Individuals have a moral duty to break an unjust law. Individuals must accept the consequences “openly and lovingly” in order to arouse the conscience of the community.