BIO-MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION

Biomedical Engineering Bio – “connected with life” Interdisciplines Bioengineering Bioinstrumentation Biometrics Biomedical engineer Clinical engineer 4/13/2017

Biomedical equipment technician Medical technologist Hospital engineer Biophysicist 4/13/2017

Development of Biometrics Measurement of physiological parameters BMI – Tools by which the measurement can be achieved 4/13/2017

Specifications Range’ Sensitivity Linearity Hysteresis Frequency response Accuracy / Precision Signal to Noise ratio Stability 4/13/2017

Specifications..contd Isolation Simplicity 4/13/2017

Man-Instrument system Black box Human organism + Instrumentation Instrumentation – Components that provide stimulus / Mechanism for automatic control of processess. Objectives – Information gathering, Diagnosis, Evaluation, Monitoring and Control. 4/13/2017

Components The subject Stimulus The transducer Signal conditioning Display Recording, data-processing and transmission equipment Control devices 4/13/2017

Physiology Biochemical system - produces energy - messenger agents for communication - materials for body repair and growth - for body functions Cardiovascular system Complex closed hydraulic system The Heart (Four chamber pump) Two synchronized and isolated pumps Artrium (First stage) collects blood - 4/13/2017

Physiology The ventricle (second stage) – receives the blood Right side of the heart – collects fluid from the main hydraulic system (systemic circulation) and pumps through lungs. Left side of the heart – receives the fluid (pressure, volume, pattern of fluid flow, speed of the pump, efficiency The blood – communication and supply network Chemo receptors – Changes in the need for supplies Pco2 sensors – build up of waste materials Baroreceptors – out of tolerance pressures Valves – against the gravity 4/13/2017

Physiology The Respiratory system: - Pneumatic system - Air pump (Diaphragm) alternately creates negative and positive pressures in a sealed chamber (thorascic cavity) lungs - Valving arrangement - Passage way divides and subdivides - Dual air input system (nasal cavities and mouth) – for special purposes - Oxygen is taken into the fluid and Co2 is taken out of the fluid to the air. - Automatic control center (respiratory center of the brain), Manual control – if necessary (Respiratory rate, Respiratory air flow, respiratory volume, concentration of Co2 in the expired air)) 4/13/2017

Physiology The Nervous system: - Communication network of the body. - Self adapting central information processor. - The Brain - Millions of communication lines (afferent and efferent nerves) that bring sensory information-in, transmit control information-out of the brain. - Information is coded by electrochemical pulses (nerve action potentials) travel along nerves. - 4/13/2017

Problems Inaccessibility of variables to measurement Variability Lack of knowledge Interaction among physiological systems Effect of transducer Artifacts Energy limitations Safety 4/13/2017

Bioelectric potentials Resting and action potentials Propagation of action potentials Bioelectric potentials ECG-Electrocardiogram EEG-Electroencephalogram EMG-Electromyogram 4/13/2017