THE BRITISH ISLES

Travail réalisé par les élèves de 4G et 4H " option Langue & Civilisation " année Merci particulièrement à Juliette, Cécile, Fiona, Mélissa, Héléna, Marianne

THE BRITISH ISLES One country ?

What are the British Isles ? In the British Isles there are five countries : In the British Isles there are five countries : - England - England - Wales - Wales - Scotland - Scotland - Northern Ireland - Northern Ireland - The independent Republic of Ireland. - The independent Republic of Ireland.

What is Great Britain ? Great Britain or Britain is an island. It consists in Great Britain or Britain is an island. It consists in - Scotland - Wales - England.

What is the United Kingdom ? The United Kingdom consist in 4 countries: The United Kingdom consist in 4 countries: -England -Scotland -Wales -Northern Ireland. The capital of UK is London but it is the capital of England too. The capital of UK is London but it is the capital of England too.

The UK is situated in the north-west of Europe. It is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea. It has a total land area of 244,100 square kilometres. From north to south it is about 1,000 kilometres long. The UK comes within 35 km of the northwest of France, and it is separated by the English Channel.

Ben Nevis 1343 M

The Royal Coat of Arms of the UK is the official coat of the British monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. In the middle there is a shield divided into 4 parts. You can see the harp of Ireland on the left, and there are 3 lions above. On the left of the shield there is a lion with a crown. And on the right there is a unicorn, symbolizing Scotland. The motto of the English monarchs is «Dieu et mon droit » The motto of the Order of the Garter is « Honi soit qui mal y pense ». Help : Shield : bouclier Order of the garter: ordre des chevaliers britanniques. Motto: devise Unicorn: licorne

HISTORY

The national anthem is God save the Queen. The first verse: God save our gracious Queen! Long live our noble Queen! God save the Queen! Send her victorious, Happy and glorious, Long to the reign over us, God save the Queen. The British National Anthem represents the whole of the UK. However, Wales and Scotland have other songs that they sing. Wales, - Hen Wlad Fy Nhadou Scotland, - Flower of Scotland and Scotland the Brave

UK flag: This is the flag of Wales: The Union Jack is composed of 3 flags in one: The name of the red Dragon is: Y Ddraig Goch in celtic tradi- tions.

RomansSaxonsVikingsNormansTudorsVictoriansWW ll TIMELINE

The Roman Empire The Romans were the first to invade Britain in 55 B.C. They came to Britain nearly 2000 years ago. By the time the Roman armies left around 410 AD, they had established medical practice, a language of administration and law and had created great public buildings and roads. Hadrian’s wall was built in 2000 BC by the Romans. It is in Scotland. In 43 AD Julius Caesar, the famous emperor tried to invade England in 55 BC but he didn’t manage to do it.

The Saxons The Roman army left Britain in about 410 AD. When they had gone there was no strong army to defend Britain, and tribes called the Angle, Saxon, and Jute (the Anglo-Saxons) invaded the country. They came from Northern of Europe. The Vikings The Vikings’ age in Britain began about 1,200 years ago, in the 8th century AD and lasted for 300 years. The Vikings had a lot of different religions. The Normans The Middle Ages in Britain cover a huge period. In 1066 William the Conqueror won the battle of Hastings. Then he stayed for 23 years and imposed French as the official langage. The Normans built beautiful castles. He lived in the White Tower in London

The Tudors The Tudors were a Welsh-English family that ruled England from 1485 to They ruled for 118 years. The first Tudor king was Henry Vll. He was followed by his son, Henry Vlll. His son, Edward VII ruled after him, followed by his daughters Mary I and Elizabeth I. The Victorians Victorian times means during Victoria's reign. Britain managed to build a huge empire during the Victorian period. In 1837 most people lived in villages and worked on the land; by 1901, most lived in towns and worked in offices, shops and factories. During the 1800s the Industrial Revolution spread throughout Britain. Famous people : Henry Vll Lord Shaftesbury Lewis Carrol Charles Darwin Alexander Graham Charles Dickens Bell

FAMOUS BRITISH KINGS AND QUEENS

William the Conqueror was born in 1027 and he died in He was known as "William the Bastard" (French: Guillaume le Bâtard) because of the illegitimacy of his birth. He became Duke of Normandy in 1035 and invaded England in 1066, leading an army of Normans to victory over the Anglo-Saxon forces of Harold (who died in the conflict) at the Battle of Hastings. He was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey in William is also referred to as "William I» It was the Norman Conquest. WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR

King Henry VIII Henry was born on June He was 17 years old when he became king in 1509, after his father died. When he became king, most people belonged to the Catholic Church, which was headed by the Pope, in Rome. In 1534, Henry broke away from the Catholic Church because he wanted to get divorced and proclaimed himself head of the Church of England.

Queen Elizabeth She was the Queen of England and Ireland. She was born on 7 th of September 1553 and died on 24 march She reigned from 1558 until her death. She was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. Her mother was Anne Boleyn and her father was Henry Vlll. King Edward VI Edward was born on 12 October He became king of England and Ireland on 28 January 1547 at the age of nine, when his father died. His nickname was “ The Boy King ”. Edward’s reign was marked by economics problems. Edward died at the age of 16 in 1553.

Queen Victoria Victoria was born on 24 May 1819 and she became Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on 20 June Queen Victoria was 18 when she came to the throne. Her reign as Queen lasted 63 years and seven month. Victoria’s reign was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire by the Industrial revolution, period economic and technological change. She arranged marriages for her nine children and forty-two grandchildren. Her nickname was “ the grandmother of Europe ”. She died the 22 January 1901.

FAMOUS BRITISH PEOPLE

400 years ago !!! William Shakespeare. He was the greatest British poet and playwright. He was born on 23 April 1564 in Stratford upon Avon and he died on 23 April 1616, at the age of 52. He wrote Romeo and Juliet and 37 other famous histories, tragedies and comedies.

Winston Churchill was the British Prime Minister during World War II. He was a writer too. The Beatles was and still is one of the most famous British groups. They were famous in the 60s and had millions of fans in the world. Some of their hits were : Yesterday – Yellow submarine - In the 40s In the 60s

Lady Diana was Prince Charles’ first wife. They got married in 1981 and had two sons : William and Harry. But they divorced a few years later and she died in a car crash in Paris in She was very popular Tony Blair was the British Prime minister for 10 years, from 2 May 1997 to 27 June In the 80s - 90s

POPULATION

Population in Great Britain. There are 60.2 million inhabitants in Great Britain. Great Britain is the twentieth most populated country in the world 50.4 million inhabitants in England. 3 million inhabitants in Wales. 5.1 million inhabitants in Scotland.

Total Population in April 2001 Minority ethnic population Thousandsper cent White 54, Mixed Asian or Asian British Indian 1, Pakistani Bangladeshi Other Asian Black or Black British Black Caribbean Black african Black other Chinese Other All minority ethnic population 4, All population 58,789100

London, Capital of England and the UK, is the most populated city in the European Union, with over 7 million residents. More than 250 languages are spoken and there are lots of different cultures. Britain and London became a mixed race society because a lot of immigrants left the former British colonies to find a job in Britain. All ages58.8 million Under million Men Women million Men 65+ Women million Males28.6 Females30.2 million Population by ages in United Kingdom: LONDON

Population density Less than 50 More than 200 inhabitants/km² From 100 to 200 From 50 to 100 City more than 5 million inhabitants : LONDON From 1 to 5 million From to 1 million New cities Migration England has the most important density and Scotland has the smallest.

WHO IS THE BRITISH QUEEN ?

The British Royal Family The surname of the British Royal Family is Windsor. They changed their name from Saxe- Coburg-Gotha to Windsor in They are members of the Church of England and they live at Buckingham Palace. Members of family : Queen Elizabeth II of England. Her husband is Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Her children are: Prince Andrew, Duke of York - Prince Charles of Wales - Princess Royal Anne - Edward Earl of Wessex. She has got 8 grandchildren : Prince William of Wales, Prince Harry of Wales; Peter Phillips, Zara Phillips; Princess Beatrice of York, Princess Eugenie of York; Lady Louise Windsor, Viscount Servern.

The British Royal Family Tree

Commonwealth She is the head of the Commonwealth. It’s an organization of former British colonies. Her role She can't create rules, she can't choose anything in economic and politic life of England. At Christmas, for her birthday and for Prince Phillip’s birthday, she talks to the British people on TV. Queen Elizabeth represents the British Islands in other countries. She is the head of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Only the queen can declare a war or stop it. The queen is the head of the army forces. Elizabeth II is the head of the Church of England. Sometimes, the queen organises Royal Garden parties. It’s a big party because 8000 people are invited

Who runs the country ?

How is Britain governed ? Today the Prime Minister is Gordon Brown. Traditionally the residence of the Prime Minister is at 10 Downing street in London. In Great Britain there are two major parties : The Labour Party and the Conservative Party. Gordon Brown is the head of the Labour party. Gordon Brown chooses a team of people in the parliament to run the country with him.

In the House of Lords, there are 675 members and in the House of Commons there 659 members. House of Lords House of Commons. The House of Commons and the House of Lords meet in the House of Parliament near the river Tames. The building is very large, and beautiful there are more than a thousand rooms. The United Kingdom is a parliamentary democracy. The Queen’s powers are limited. She reigns but she does not govern.

Religion in the British Isles There are lots of religions in the British Isles. The main religion is Christianism (72%). The other religions are: Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Jewish and Buddhists. 15% of the population don’t have religion and 1.4% have another religion. buddhists Muslim christianism jewish Hindu

A BIT OF HISTORY In 1553, Henry VIII (the king) wanted to divorce because he wanted a son and the queen (his wife) couldn’t have a child. He asked the Pope for the permission to divorce but the Pope refused. Henry VIII was very angry and created his own church, the Anglicans (protestants). In 1558, Elisabeth I changed the Anglican church back to christianism and this religion became the official religion of England.

CHRISTIANISM: 15 March: St Patrick’s day. 23 April: St George’s day. MUSLIM:10 January: Al Hijra (Islamic new year). JEWISH :30 September :Rosh Hashanah. 1 October: New year’s day. BUDDHIST:8 February: New year’s day. HINDU:3 September: Ganesh’s day Religious holidays

ECONOMY

Economy and industries in England The united kingdom is the fourth largest economic power in the world. The City is the most famous place in Europe English people trade all over the world because it’s easier with English language. They can export with farming lots of cereals, oilseed, potatoes and vegetables. Farming in England today is easy because machines are very sophisticated.With industry population goes to England Tourism is also very important to the British economy. London is Europe's largest financial centre and one of the world's largest financial centres alongside New York andTokyo

WOULD YOU LIKE TO VISIT THE BRITISH ISLES ?

To go to England, you can travel by train, plane or ferry You can take a ferry in Calais, Boulogne,St. Malo, Caen, Roscoff and Cherbourg If you leave from Paris,Calais or Lille, You can get the Eurostar to go to London and you will arrive in St Pancras Station. It goes under the Channel. You can take a plane from anywhere in France. How can you get to Great Britain?

In England, there are lots of means of transport. You can travel by car on the motorways : there are 225,000 miles ( 326 km ) of roads. You can take the bus, trains, taxis or walk !!! In London, there are beautiful red double- deckers but the quickest way to visit London is the underground (The Tube). Shopping day, for the British, is on Saturday. There are generally shopping centres with lots of shops ( Marks et Spencer, John Levis, house of Fraser, ). If you visit London, don’t forget to visit Harrods’s. It’s very big and very beautiful, but very expensive too ! Transports and shopping

What is a pub ? A pub is a small public house. Pubs, for British, are a part of their lives. There are the places where they can discuss and meet new friends You can sleep in a B&B ( bed and breakfast ). They are very comfortable. But for families, villages holidays are also very well with swimming-pool, sports centres, … PUBS AND ACCOMODATIONS

PLACES TO SEE

Retour

PALACES AND CASTLES St James’s Palace It was built between 1532 and 1540 by Henry VIII. It became the official residence of the British sovereign after the death of William III in This castle is in London. Buckingham Palace It was built in 1837 by the duke Buckingham for his wife. This is the residence of the Queen. Buckingham Palace is in London. Balmoral Castle It was built by William the Conqueror in 1080.This is the largest castle in the world. This is the oldest royal home in Britain. Balmoral Castle is in Scotland

Windsor Castle It was built by William the Conqueror in 1080.This is the largest castle in the world. This is the oldest royal home in Britain. It is in the South Est of England.

TOWER OF LONDON Retour _ This royal fortress was built by William the Conqueror, following his successful invasion in 1066.

SAINT PAUL’S CATHEDRALE Retour The dome of St Paul's Cathedral is the second biggest dome in the world. The first St Paul's Cathedral was built in 604 AD but burnt down in 675. The rebuilt cathedral was again burnt down in the Great Fire of London in 1666.

The British Museum is a museum of human history and culture. The museum illustrates the story of human culture from it’s beginning to the present. Retour

THE PALACE OF WESTMINSTER Retour The Palace of Westminster, also known as the houses of Parliament or Westminster Palace.

CAMBRIDGE Retour KINGS COLLEGE Henry VI founded Kings College in It’s situated in Cambridge.

BLACKPOOL TOWER Blackpool tower is an attraction for the tourist. It looks much like the Eiffel tower. Retour

STONEHENGE Retour Stonehenge means “suspended stones”. Stonehenge is the most famous prehistoric monument in Britain. It’s located near Salisbury.

HADRIAN’S WALL Retour Hadrian Wall is a stone wall built by the Roman Empire to prevent military raids on Roman Britain by the Pictish tribes (ancient inhabitants of Scotland ). Today, It’s the most popular tourist attraction in Northern England.