Solar System Physics and Space Technology Program at IRF-Kiruna Prof. Stas Barabash Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna

2 of 27 Title and definition Programmet för solsystemets fysik och rymdteknik Solar system physics and space technology program SSPT program at IRF-K The goal: Study the environment and the solar wind interaction as well as the evolution and dynamics of solar system objects with focus on the inner planets, moons, asteroids, comets, and dust. Development of scientific instrumentation for satellite-based measurements in support of space exploration.

3 of 27 Research fields Space plasma physics Satellite - borne instrumentation for particle measurements (experimental space plasma physics), hot plasma range (~10 eV keV….1 MeV) Data analysis and simulations Meteor research (presented by Asta) Ground - based measurement techniques

4 of 27 Scientific topics (satellites) Comparative magnetospheres How different are plasma environments? Solar wind and atmospheres How does the interplanetary medium affect planetary atmospheres? Plasma and neutral gas/dust in space How does different states of matter co-exist? Plasma and surfaces How does the interplanetary medium affect planetary surfaces?

5 of 27 Head of SSPT program Stas Barabash Head of Technical Group Kjell Lundin Deputy (Science) Mats Holmström Deputy Herman Andersson Electrical group Vesa Alatalo Magnus Emanuelsson Jonas Olsen Stefan Karlsson Johan Svensson Lars Wittikko Scientists Futaana Yosohifumi Herbert Gunell Rickard Lundin Kazama Youchi Hans Nilsson Asta Pellinen Martin Wieser Yamauchi Masatoshi Ph.D. students Andreas Ekenbäck Sasha Grigoriev Klas Johnsson Ella Karlsson Johan Kero David McCann Csilla Szasz, Mechanical group Jan Johansson Rickard Kumpula Tero Saarijätvi Programmers Hans Borg Leif Kalla

6 of 27 Staff 2 professors (=1.2 FTE) 8 senior scientists and Post Docs (internally and externally supported) (=6 FTE) 7 Ph.D. students (all supported by Forskarskolan) 11 engineers and technicians (= 11 FTE) 2 Programmers (=2 FTE)

7 of 27 Interactions in the group Technical group Experiment Simulations Data analysis New!!

8 of 27 Uniqueness of the group Small, highly competence group of space scientists and engineers working together From idea via experiment to final results and theory. Own development, test, calibration, and manufacturing facilities Flexibility, low cost, shorted development cycles Ion /electron calibration system Thermal vacuum and Solar balance test system Electronic laboratory Mechanical workshop

9 of 27 Kiruna-made instruments 1988 ASPERA 1992, TICS, MATE 1996 ASPERA-C 1998 IMI 2002, ASPERA ASPERA-4

10 of 27 Space missions. Overview Sounding rocket era: First satellite experiment : ESRO 1A - 3/ First interplanetary experiment: Phobos 1 - 7/ IRF - Kiruna satellite experiments: Earth’s magnetosphere: 16 Mars: 5 Venus: 1 (2006) Comets: 2 Moon: 2 ( ) Jupiter / Sun: 1 Mercury: 2 (2012) PI instruments on all non-American missions to Mars since 1988.

11 of 27 History - Future. Road map 1970 ESRO 4 GEOS 1 GEOS 2 Prognoz Viking Prognoz 8 Phobos 2 Phobos 1 Mars 96 Nozomi Astrid 2 Interball 2 Munin 1990 Freja Interball 1 Cluster 1 Astrid 1 Ulysses 2010 Bepi Colombo 2000 Cluster 2 Rosetta Mars Express Venus Express Smart-1 Earth Planets ESRO 1A ESRO 2A 1960 Chandra- yaan ? Double Star

12 of 27 Current ESA missions (1) Mars Express (ESA) ASPERA-3 (PI), launch May 2003 First combined electron, ion and ENA measurements Venus Express (ESA) ASPERA-4 (PI), launch Nov First combined electron, ion and ENA measurements

13 of 27 Current ESA missions (2) SMART-1 (ESA) D-CIXS (Co-I), Sept X - ray measurements at the Moon Rosetta (ESA) ICA (PI), launch March 2004 Ion measurements at the Chyrumov- Gerasimenko comet

14 of 27 International cooperation Double Star - Polar (ESA / China) NUADU (Co-PI), June 2004 MMO (ESA / JAXA / ISAS) MPPE/ENA (Co-PI), 2012 Chandrayaan-1 (ISRO) ENA (Co-PI), Nov. 2007

15 of 27 Main scientific subjects

16 of 27 The Grand Tour Comparative magnetospheric studies: to complete The Grand Tour - Earth, Mars, Venus, Moon, Mercury, Comets How the environment affects the planet’s evolution Earth Mars Venus Comets Mercury Moon

17 of 27 Comparative magnetospheres

18 of 27 Mars - main stop Mars research: near - planetary environment impact on the Mars’ atmosphere Astrobiological aspects: water loss Implications for the Earth: role of the magnetic field in the atmosphere protection Space Plasma Physics: multicomponent plasmas, minimagnetosphere (R e << L < R p )

19 of 27 Venus - the hottest planet in the Solar System Earth and Venus started as twin - planets. Why are they so different now? Biggest mystery - reason for the run - away green house effect on Venus. Unique comparative magnetospheric studies: Mars - Venus

20 of 27 Thrust to the Moon! Back to the Moon: Solar wind and near Moon environment Mercury analogue Plasma - surface interaction, a missed field. Physics of minimagnetospheres (comapre with Mars!)

21 of 27 Mercury - the smallest magnetosphere

22 of 27 Plans (satellites)

23 of 27 New frontiers and plans. Missions Aeronomy / space physics mission to Mars (never done before!) Multi - point magnetospheric missions Giant planet magnetospheres - an ESA Jupiter mission after 2015.

24 of 27 New frontiers and plans. Instrumentation Space instrumentation of the new millennium: scientific micro / nanosatellites miniaturized instrumentation (on-going) advances ion mass analyzers (increased M/  M) radically new measurements techniques (e.g. imaging ion /ENA mass spectroscopy, MEMS - micro electromechanical systems) (on-going)

25 of 27 New frontiers and plans. Simulations - data analysis Hybrid codes (user friendly!) for different environment. Global models of the solar wind - planet interaction Parallel computing Applied tasks (instrument / component simulations)

26 of 27 Programmatic implementation National / bilateral projects coherent with the ESA programs Small-scale highly focused missions to Mars ESA missions within Space Science and Aurora programs New mission proposals: magnetospheric physics: multispacecraft - missions New experiment proposals: Mars, Moon environment, Jupiter Experiments through International cooperation: China, Japan, India, Russia China, India, Russia missions to the Moon and Mars and magnetospheric missions Nanosatellite projects: Institute level

27 of 27 Space Science Results (student talks to follow!)