Introduction: Page 1 of 3

No portion of this presentation may be reproduced in any form without permission from the author Photo credits –Spec. Rescue International, Virginia Beach, VA –Airshore International, Steve Cudmore –Paratech, Nigel Letherby –Chuck Wehrli, Naperville Illinois Fire Department –Bob Schip, Flemington-Ruritan First Aid and Rescue Squad Illustrations –Steve Campbell Introduction: Page 2 of 3

Trench Rescue Before you get started Course description Disclaimer Objective Note to instructors Personal protective equipment requirements Facilities needed for lecture Facilities needed for practical Introduction: Page 3 of 3

Unit One Considerations for Specialized Operations Unit 1: Page 1 of 9

Unit One : Terminal Objective To determine the considerations that make specialized rescue operations different from traditional fire and rescue work Unit 1: Page 2 of 9

Unit One: Enabling Objectives Define the term technical rescue as it applies to the big three Discuss the rescue training cycle as it pertains to specialized operations Identify the four service levels associated with all technical rescue operations Unit 1: Page 3 of 9

The Big Three Special people Special equipment Special training Unit 1: Page 4 of 9

The Specialized Training Cycle Constant circle of evaluation continually recruiting, evaluate equipment, frequent training Specialized training cycle –Constant circle of evaluation Your people Your equipment Your training Unit 1: Page 5 of 9

Service Levels Awareness –Identify hazards and incident stabilization Operations –Initial rescue operations and support –Shoring in non-intersecting trenches > 8 feet Technician –Intersecting and deep trenches –Maintain “skills package” Instructor –Team members certified in course development Unit 1: Page 6 of 9

Unit Training Levels Awareness –Units - 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, and 14 Operations –Units - 2, 5, 9, 12, 16, 17, 18, 19, Appendix 1 and 4 Technician –Units - 15 and 19 Unit 1: Page 7 of 9

Unit One: Summary Technical rescue as it applies to the big three The rescue training cycle as it pertains to specialized operations The four service levels associated with all technical rescue operations Unit 1: Page 8 of 9

Answers and discussion on page 237 Unit One: Questions 1. The term big three refers to specialized rescue operations that require: 2.The service level(s) identified by NFPA 1670 that apply to rescue operations and may be an indicator of level of competency are Instructor, Awareness, Operations, and Technician. 3.Operations level personnel are trained to: Unit 1: Page 9 of 9

Unit Three Preparing the Rescue Scene Unit 3: Page 1 of 13

Unit Three: Terminal Objective To understand the various methods that can be used to form and maintain a fully functional and effective team for trench rescue. Unit 3: Page 2 of 13

Unit Three: Enabling Objectives Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of being self sufficient, community dependent, or regional trench rescue team Determine the most advantageous physical and mental characteristics of potential trench team members Explain the T.E.A.M. acronym as it applies to trench rescue Unit 3: Page 3 of 13

Unit Three: Enabling Objectives Describe the weight, size, and characteristics of the equipment used in trench rescue Understand the need for choosing the most appropriate method to move and store trench rescue equipment Explain the advantages and disadvantages of each type of trench apparatus Unit 3: Page 4 of 13

Self Sufficient Rescue Team Pros –Commitment to training and personnel –Much specialized equipment –Means of transporting equipment Cons –Most expensive Unit 3: Page 5 of 13

Cons –Must still have trained personnel –Up keep of logistics and call back list Community Dependent Team Pros –In frequency of events may make this most feasible –Economical Unit 3: Page 6 of 13

Regional Team Pros –Cost-effective –Reduces individual organizational cost Cons –Difficult to maintain –Maintaining organizational agreements and commitment Unit 3: Page 7 of 13

Your Team Success is in members of team Should be physically fit Should be mentally fit Have good construction skills Team should have trained medic personnel Team players (T.E.A.M.) Unit 3: Page 8 of 13

The “T.E.A.M.”Acronym T ogether E veryone A ccomplishes M ore What are some examples of teamwork in action? Unit 3: Page 9 of 13

Getting Equipment to the Scene Doesn’t have to be a fancy rig Vehicle extrication truck not appropriate Dump or flat bed vehicle Utility trailers Custom and converted vehicles Pod type transportation Unit 3: Page 10 of 13

Custom/ Converted Pod Dump bed vehicle Flat bed truck Types of Trench Transportation Unit 3: Page 11 of 13

Unit Three: Summary Advantages and disadvantages of being self sufficient, community dependent, or a regional trench rescue team Advantageous physical and mental characteristics of potential trench team members T.E.A.M. acronym as it applies to trench rescue Unit 3: Page 12 of 13

Answers and discussion on page 238 Unit Three: Questions 1.There are a number of different methods to move and store your equipment. Which of the following would be least appropriate: 2.The most reliable form of rescue team development is the: 3.By far the most important aspect concerning the potential success of your team will be: Unit 3: Page 13 of 13

Unit Four Introduction to Trench Rescue Unit 4: Page 1 of 20

Unit Four: Terminal Objective To understand the necessity of maintaining a competent trench rescue team in your community. Unit 4: Page 2 of 20

Unit Four Enabling Objectives Describe the conditions that require compliance with the Excavation Standard, and the emergency service organization’s relationship with ASHA pertaining to trench collapse operations Describe the history of the OSHA Standard on Excavations and explain how the current standard is performance based Provide an understanding of OSHA’s Standard on Excavations, its enforcement role, and subsequent relationship with emergency service organizations Unit 4: Page 3 of 20

Unit Four: Enabling Objectives Explain the reasons for non-compliance with the trench standard based on cost and installation of traditional sheeting and shoring Discuss trench injury and fatality statistics as they compare to other areas of construction Recall from memory trench terminology as identified in the excavation standard Explain how cost and demographics play a role in non-compliance Unit 4: Page 4 of 20

Unit Four: Enabling Objectives Describe way in which machines and rigging can fail and create emergencies at a trench site Discuss the potential problems that can occur from below grade atmospheric hazards Unit 4: Page 5 of 20

Trenches and Excavations Placement of underground utilities Removal of old utility systems Removal and placement of underground storage tanks Building foundations Basement construction Can you name more? Unit 4: Page 6 of 20

Trench Statistics Trench accidents have a higher fatality rate Approximately 100 fatalities per year 1000 to 1500 injuries - many permanently disabling Two types of trench rescues –Dead victims and live victims Unit 4: Page 7 of 20

Trench Terminology Trench and excavation Competent person Floor Walls Ends Spoil pile Toe Unit 4: Page 8 of 20

Appendix A Appendix B, C, D, E, F CFR 1926 Subpart P, Excavations Key Areas Scope Application Definitions General requirements Requirements for protective systems Unit 4: Page 9 of 20

OSHA CFR 1926 Subpart P Previous “Contract Work Hours Standard Act” Inadvertent non-compliance Recommended systems cost more than fine Current standard has 80% of original act contents Unit 4: Page 10 of 20

OSHA CFR 1926 Subpart P New standard is performance based Maintains consistent soil classification system Protective systems development flexibility Fines and penalties increased May include equipment impoundment Unit 4: Page 11 of 20

OSHA CFR 1926 Subpart P General Requirements –All trenches must be protected before entry except: Those made entirely of stable rock Less than five feet in depth, inspected by a competent person, and no potential for cave-in –More than five including height of spoil pile must be protected Unit 4: Page 12 of 20

OSHA CFR 1926 Subpart P General Requirements –Spoil pile must have two foot set back from lip –Means of egress every twenty five feet –Determination of atmospheric hazards –Water accumulation –Determination of soil classification –Inspection by competent person for: Secondary cave-in potential, protective system failure, and atmosphere Unit 4: Page 13 of 20

OSHA and Trench Rescue Application of standard varies by locality OSHA requires compliance if: –employee/employer relationship exist –trench operations is part of your job Paid/volunteer issues Other AHJ considerations concerning compliance Unit 4: Page 14 of 20

How OSHA Views Trench Rescue We over engineer our systems Time in trench is limited to rescue OSHA will get involved if there is a: –civilian or rescuer injury or death –death of anyone involved in a construction incident –request by AHJ Unit 4: Page 15 of 20

Noncompliance Protective system cost Time equals money Socioeconomic and demographic issues Victims do not understand hazards Unit 4: Page 16 of 20

Accidents Without a Cave-In Most trench emergencies are other than a collapse Equipment failure and load management Rigging Atmospheric problems Unit 4: Page 17 of 20

Unit Four: Summary The excavation standard and the emergency service organization’s relationship with OSHA History of the excavation standard and how the new standard is performance based Trench terminology in the excavation standard Cost and demographics in trench rescue non-compliance Accidents without a cave-in Below grade atmospheric hazards Unit 4: Page 18 of 20

Answers and discussion on page 239 Unit Four: Questions 1.Statistics show that trench accidents have a ____ fatality rate than other types of construction accidents: 2.The OSHA standard for trenches and excavations is: 3.On the scene of a trench or excavation you would expect to find a person familiar with all aspects of soil types and testing called: 4.A trench is an excavation that is generally deeper than it is wide but its width measured at the bottom does not exceed 15 feet. 5.Egress ladders in a trench must be within___ feet of a worker in a protected trench: Unit 4: Page 19 of 20

Unit Four: Questions 6. The overriding reasons for contractor non-compliance with trench protective systems is: 7.The minimum setback requirements for the excavated spoil pile is: 8. The OSHA standard on trenches and excavations is: 9. The OSHA standard was originally part of the: 10. The height of the spoil pile is taken into account when determining the need for a protective system. Unit 4: Page 20 of 20

Unit Six Soil Physics Unit 6: Page 1 of 9

Unit Six: Terminal Objective To understand the role that physics and physical forces associated with soil have in trenching and excavation emergencies. Unit 6: Page 2 of 9

Unit Six: Enabling Objectives Explain how gravity plays a key role in trench failure. Describe the term “unconfined Compressive Strength” as it applies to trenches and excavations. Define the terms active and passive soils. Summarize the effects of water as they apply to soil strength. Unit 6: Page 3 of 9

Unit Six: Enabling Objectives Describe how the weight of most soils can be determined mathematically. Explain how the cubic weight of soil leads to trench failure. Summarize the most dangerous portion of an un-shored trench, and how a properly shored trench transfers potential energy. Unit 6: Page 4 of 9

Soil Physics Gravity Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) Hydrostatic pressure Active and passive soils Unit 6: Page 5 of 9

Physical Forces Associated with Collapse Weight of soil 100 lb. per cubic foot Dry 1/2 soil -1 /2 air Rock specific gravity 2.65 Water = 62.4 pounds c.f. Do math based on composition of soil Average = 100 c.f. Bent steel beam Unit 6: Page 6 of 9

Distribution of Forces 1 x 1 x 6 column = 600 p.s.f. 4 foot level vertical pressure = 400 p.s.f. Lateral pressure on unshored wall = 33% Effects create rotational failure Most unstable portion of wall? Why? Unit 6: Page 7 of 9

Unit Six: Summary Gravity and trench failure “Unconfined Compressive Strength” Active and passive soils Effects of water Weight of soil determined mathematically Cubic weight of soil leads and trench failure Most dangerous portion of an un-shored trench Unit 6: Page 8 of 9

Answers and discussion on page 243 Unit Six: Questions 1.For the purpose of determining total soil weight we can estimate that a cubic foot of soil weighs approximately: 2. The most dangerous portion of the unprotected trench wall is the area: 3. The term ___best describes the effects of mass as it relates to the tendency of one object to be attracted to another. 4. The amount of resistance the soil has to pressure is a measurement of: 5. The effects of water can add a tremendous amount of weight to the excavated material because water weighs approximately: Unit 6: Page 9 of 9

Unit Seven Conditions and Factors that Lead to Collapse Unit 7: Page 1 of 8

Unit Seven: Terminal Objective Determine the various factors that can lead to a trench or excavation failure. Unit 6: Page 2 of 8

Unit Seven: Enabling Objectives Explain the effects of water as a factor that can lead to a trench collapse. Describe the consequences that varying soil profiles and previously disturbed soils can have on open trenches. List some of the causes of potential vibration that can lead to a trench collapse. Discuss the spoil pile and its relationship to collapse potential. Unit 6: Page 3 of 8

Conditions Leading to Collapse Collapse may be on condition or the effects of several The addition of water as a factor How soil absorbs water is a consideration Unit 6: Page 4 of 8

Conditions Leading to Collapse Freestanding time Varying soil profiles Water table Previously disturbed soils Unit 6: Page 5 of 8

Conditions Leading to Collapse Heavy equipment location Spoil pile location Vibration Unit 6: Page 6 of 8

Unit Seven: Summary Water as a factor that can lead to a trench collapse Varying soil profiles and previously disturbed soils Vibration as a collapse factor Spoil pile and its relationship to collapse potential Unit 6: Page 7 of 8

Answers and discussion on page 244 Unit Seven: Questions 1.Which of the following can be considered a factor that can contribute to a trench collapse: 2. A good indication that soil has been previously disturbed is: 3. You should always move heavy equipment from near the trench: 4. Vibration is a factor that can cause a trench collapse and can be attributed to: 5. Of the factors that can contribute to a trench collapse, the amount of time the trench is open is a major factor. The time a trench is open is: Unit 6: Page 8 of 8

Unit Eight Types of Trench Collapses Unit 8: Page 1 of 13

Unit Eight: Terminal Objective Describe the various types of trench collapses and why the occur. Unit 8: Page 2 of 13

Unit Eight: Enabling Objective Describe the differences between a spoil pile slide, slough failure, shear wall collapse, toe failure, wedge failure, and rotational failure. Unit 8: Page 3 of 13

Spoil Pile Slide Unit 8: Page 4 of 13

Angle of Repose Unit 8: Page 5 of 13

Slough Failure Unit 8: Page 6 of 13

Shear Wall Failure Unit 8: Page 7 of 13

Toe Failure Unit 8: Page 8 of 13

Bell Pier Condition Unit 8: Page 9 of 13

Rotational Failure Unit 8: Page 10 of 13

Wedge Failure Unit 8: Page 11 of 13

Unit Eight: Summary The differences between: –spoil pile slide –slough failure –shear wall collapse –toe failure –wedge failure –rotational failure Unit 8: Page 12 of 13

Answers and discussion on page 245 Unit Eight: Questions 1.When the excavated material falls back into the trench it is best described by the term: 2. A collapse in which the material loses its ability to stand and fails along a mostly vertical plane best describes: 3. The most common type of soil failure in an intersecting trench is: 4. A condition that presents itself as a failure at the toe and on both sides of a trench is: Unit 8: Page 13 of 13

Unit Ten Personal Protective Equipment for Trench Rescue Operations Unit 10: Page 1 of 8

Unit Ten: Terminal Objective To describe the proper personal protective equipment used in trench rescue operations Unit 10: Page 2 of 8

Unit Ten: Enabling Objective Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of fire fighting “turnout” gear, jumpsuits, and regular long sleeve pants and shirts for trench rescue Explain the pros and cons of the various types of hand protection Describe the preferred helmet for trench rescue operations Unit 10: Page 3 of 8

Unit Ten: Enabling Objective Determine the correct type and use of eye protection Recite the preferred level of foot and ankle protection for the trench environment Describe the specialty equipment that may be required during a trench rescue Summarize the benefits of developing a team culture that maintains safety as a top priority Unit 10: Page 4 of 8

Personal Protective Equipment Fire gear Jumpsuit Long pants and sleeves Gloves Helmet Eye protection Unit 10: Page 5 of 8

Personal Protective Equipment Foot protection Respiratory protection Hearing protection Skull caps Leather chaps Development of a safe culture and attitude is ultimate goal! Unit 10: Page 6 of 8

Unit Ten: Summary Correct type and use of eye protection Preferred level of foot and ankle protection Specialty equipment required during a trench rescue Benefits of developing a team culture that maintains safety as a top priority Unit 10: Page 7 of 8

Answers and discussion on page 248 Unit Ten: Questions 1.The minimum level of personal protective equipment required for trench rescue operations is all of the following except: 2. Fire fighting gear should never be worn on a trench rescue. 3. The minimum level of personal protective equipment worn by rescuers at a trench incident is: 4. Eye protection should: Unit 10: Page 8 of 8

Unit Eleven Equipment and Tools for Trench rescue Operations Unit 11: Page 1 of 12

Unit Eleven: Terminal Objective To describe the types of equipment and tools used in trench rescue operations. Unit 11: Page 2 of 12

Unit Eleven: Enabling Objectives Explain the use of ground pads for trench rescue Describe how sheeting is used in trench protective systems Identify the various types of shores used in trench rescue and how each works Describe the various types of tools used in trench rescue operations Explain the use of various trench rescue tools utilized in collapse Unit 11: Page 3 of 12

Ground pads Make sure that uneven ground doesn’t create a trip hazard! 2 x 12 4 x 8 3/4 Marking ground pad Unit 11: Page 4 of 12

Sheeting 4 x 8 home made panels Manufactured panels 2 x 12 x 12 Panel rope used for lowering Strongback Unit 11: Page 5 of 12

Pneumatic Shores Paratech Airshore Unit 11: Page 6 of 12

Shores TimberHydraulic Screw Jacks Unit 11: Page 7 of 12

Tools and Appliances Shovel types Hammers Duplex nails Ventilation Dewatering See page 105 for tool list Unit 11: Page 8 of 12

Tools and Appliances Fan for ventilation Duplex nail Centrifugal (high pressure - high volume) Mud hog pump (low pressure - low volume) Unit 11: Page 9 of 12

Unit Eleven: Summary Ground pads for trench rescue Sheeting used in trench protective systems Shores used in trench rescue and how each works Various types of tools used in trench rescue operations Unit 11: Page 10 of 12

Answers and discussion on page 249 Unit Eleven: Questions 1.Ropes that are used to set and adjust panels are best attached to the top of the the panel. 2. If 4x8 ground pads will not fit on the spoil pile side of the trench you should: 3. The use of ground pads is primarily for the distribution of vertical forces caused by people standing around the trench lip. The main disadvantage to using ground pads is: 4. The shores and installed upright in a lumber trench are the only part of the protective system considered by OSHA for compliance. Unit 11: Page 11 of 12

Unit Eleven: Questions 5.A duplex nail is designed to be driven entirely into the wood. 6. When using a ladder as a makeshift wale you should make certain: 7. When digging in the trench the preferred tool is the: 8. Ladders in trench rescue can be used as: 9. The centrifugal pump can move more water than a diaphragm pump therefore is the preferred type of de-watering device. Unit 11: Page 12 of 12

Unit Thirteen Trench Rescue Assessment Unit 13: Page 1 of 10

Unit Thirteen: Terminal Objective Be able to formulate a strategic plan based on the determination of facts surrounding the trench emergency Unit 13: Page 2 of 10

Unit Thirteen: Enabling Objectives Identify those factors that would be pertinent in formulating a trench emergency pal before arriving on the scene Describe the appropriate questions to ask about the event after arrival at the scene Explain factors to be considered during the incident Summarize the steps to consider when looking for buried victims Unit 13: Page 3 of 10

Trench Rescue Assessment (At time of alarm) What has happened? What type of work was being done? Is the victim completely buried? Is it a collapse or injury situation? How is my access to the scene? What is forecast? Unit 13: Page 4 of 10

Trench Rescue Assessment (Arrival at the scene) Is there a language barrier? Do I have the proper equipment? What are the injury problems? What is victim survivability profile? What type of protective system is in place? Unit 13: Page 5 of 10

Trench Rescue Assessment (During the emergency) Changing conditions require constant evaluation and assessment! Unit 13: Page 6 of 10

Factors To Consider When Looking For Buried Victims Food and drink containers Grade poles Laser targets Grease, paint, buckets and tools Exposed limbs Sound inside pipes Unit 13: Page 7 of 10

Trench Rescue Assessment (During the emergency) Changing conditions require constant evaluation and assessment! Unit 13: Page 8 of 10

Unit Thirteen: Summary Factors in formulating a trench emergency plan Appropriate questions to ask after arrival at the scene Factors considered during the incident Steps to consider when looking for buried victims Unit 13: Page 9 of 10

Answers and discussion on page 252 Unit Thirteen: Questions 1.Clues as to the location of a buried victim include: 2. The determination of facts and conditions that led to the collapse of a trench is called a: 3. Which of the following are important considerations in the size-up of a trench rescue: 4. Which of the following are important considerations after arrival on the scene of a trench rescue: Unit 13: Page 10 of 10

Unit Fourteen Hazard Control Unit 14: Page 1 of 8

Unit Fourteen: Terminal Objective Understand the various hazard types, categories, and phases of control that will be found at the trench rescue scene. Unit 14: Page 2 of 8

Unit Fourteen: Enabling Objectives Describe the various types of hazards that can be found at a trench rescue Identify the five hazard control categories Explain the phases of hazard control at a trench emergency Unit 14: Page 3 of 8

Can control location of vehicles trip hazards spoil pile support utilities Call someone gas electric Hazard Control Two type of hazards: –Those you can control –Those you should leave alone Unit 14: Page 4 of 8

Hazard Categories Categories Mechanical Chemical Man-made Electrical Water Gas line Unsupported utility Utility marker Unit 14: Page 5 of 8

Hazard Control Phases The rescue area The general area General area Rescue area Trips hazards Heavy equipment Unit 14: Page 6 of 8

Unit Fourteen: Summary Types of hazards found at a trench rescue The five hazard control categories The phases of hazard control Unit 14: Page 7 of 8

Answers and discussion on page 253 Unit Fourteen: Questions 1.Which of the following is not one of the hazard categories: 2. The control of scene hazards takes place in two phases, the general area, and the logistics area. 3. When considering shutting down heavy equipment at the scene you should consider: 4. The minimum safe area that should be established around a trench incident is: 5. Knowing the location of all underground utilities is important before beginning the rescue effort. For this reason it is a good idea to: Unit 14: Page 8 of 8