Nanostructured Rare-Earth Transition-Metal Permanent Magnets

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Nanostructured Rare-Earth Transition-Metal Permanent Magnets Paul McGuiness Department for Nanostructured Materials Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia Womeninnano winter school february 7-9 2008 kranjska gora slovenia

Introduction H2 Permanent-magnet (PM) materials Magnetic properties PM applications Nano melt-spun magnets Nano HDDR magnets Summary H2 Womeninnano winter school february 7-9 2008 kranjska gora slovenia

Womeninnano winter school february 7-9 2008 kranjska gora slovenia

Magnetic properties Ms Br BH max Hci Hcb -H +H Permanent-magnet Womeninnano winter school february 7-9 2008 kranjska gora slovenia

280 years of progress lodestone (1724) neodymium iron boron (2006) ferrite (1950) Womeninnano winter school february 7-9 2008 kranjska gora slovenia

Improved properties over time NdFeB 50 MGOe Sm2Co17 + price + mechanical + temperature + history Sm2Fe17N3 SmCo5 AlNiCo steel Ferrite 1900 1950 2000 Womeninnano winter school february 7-9 2008 kranjska gora slovenia

Improved properties over time 1.4 Sintered NdFeB 1.2 Bonded nano HDDR NdFeB Alnicos 1.0 0.8 Bonded SmCo Br (Tesla) 0.6 0.4 (Bonded nano MQ NdFeB) Sintered Ferrite 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 Hcj (MA/m) Womeninnano winter school february 7-9 2008 kranjska gora slovenia

2008 Lexus RX Hybrid Automotive apps 1118 magnets (inc. 2.9kg of Nd-Fe-B) 1998 Toyota Celica GT has 543 magnets 1987 Yugo 45 (GV) has 9 magnets Womeninnano winter school february 7-9 2008 kranjska gora slovenia

Computer apps Fujitsu 300 GB 2.5" SATA Hard Disk Drive Womeninnano winter school february 7-9 2008 kranjska gora slovenia

Other apps Womeninnano winter school february 7-9 2008 kranjska gora slovenia

Who makes RE-TM magnets? Womeninnano winter school february 7-9 2008 kranjska gora slovenia

Processing Nd15Fe77B8-type materials Nd15Fe77B8 - the cast alloy Nd15Fe77B8 - the magnet 50 micron 50 micron NdFe4B4 Nd2Fe14B Nd2Fe14B Nd-rich Nd-rich Nd2Fe14B Ms = 1.6 Tesla Ha = 5 MA/m Tc = 320°C Nd-rich phase MP = ~630°C Womeninnano winter school february 7-9 2008 kranjska gora slovenia

Processing Nd15Fe77B8-type materials Casting Sintered magnets Vacuum sintering Attritor milling Melt spinning Ribbons HDDR process Powder Womeninnano winter school february 7-9 2008 kranjska gora slovenia

Processing Nd15Fe77B8-type by melt spinning alloy Melt spinner ~600 deg C crystalline ribbons Over-quenched amorphous ribbons die-upset magnet (aniso) hot-pressed magnet (iso) bonded magnet (iso) Womeninnano winter school february 7-9 2008 kranjska gora slovenia

Processing Nd15Fe77B8-type by melt spinning Die upset (fully dense anisotropic) Hot pressed (fully dense isotropic) Injection moulded (not fully dense isotropic) Womeninnano winter school february 7-9 2008 kranjska gora slovenia

Processing Nd15Fe77B8-type by melt spinning Womeninnano winter school february 7-9 2008 kranjska gora slovenia

Processing Nd15Fe77B8-type by HDDR process Nd-rich Nd-hydride NdH2 + Fe +Fe2B Nd2Fe14B H2 750 degC Isotropic and anisotropic forms are possible with small additions of Zr and Ga Nd2Fe14B vac 650 degC Womeninnano winter school february 7-9 2008 kranjska gora slovenia

Processing Nd15Fe77B8-type by HDDR process 10 microns Anisotropic structure that can be aligned to produce anisotropic bonded magnets Womeninnano winter school february 7-9 2008 kranjska gora slovenia

Properties of NdFeB magnets aniso melt-spun die upset anisotropic sintered 1 T iso HDDR bonded iso melt-spun hot pressed magnetisation iso melt-spun injec mould iso HDDR injec mould coercivity 1000 kA/m Womeninnano winter school february 7-9 2008 kranjska gora slovenia

Summary RE-TM magnets have a wide range of applications Properties depend on materials and processing A nano grain size and good microstructure is vital for good properties Good properties can be achieved with a range of techniques Womeninnano winter school february 7-9 2008 kranjska gora slovenia