2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos Information Technology in learning in learning Nikos Mattheos Centre for Educational Research and Technology Malmö Högskola

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos Centre for Educational Technology and Research in Oral Health Computer Based Learning Distance Learning In – campus teaching innovations Learning technology Applied educational research Dental faculty, University of Malmö Malmö, Sweden

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos Rolf, Malmö Anders, Copenhagen Nikos,MalmöMartin,Malmö Christoph, Bern Lorenza, Milano The e -team <:-) Information Technology in Oral Health education

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos e-learning fact and myth

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos e-learning Computer Based Learning CBL Computer Assisted Learning CAL Computer Assisted Instruction CAI ( 1991 MeSH term) Web based Learning Internet based Learning Virtual Classrooms Cyber Learning … … …

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos e -learning: The research results Great ! Increased interaction, higher test results up to 20%, high acceptance of the media, team spirit, learning in less time. Not so good… Lower interaction, student frustrations, inferior results, decreasing acceptance during a course. Potential – limitations, success & failure, no difference...

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos “We found that frustrations so overwhelmed some students that they gave up on the formal content of the computer based course.” Hara 1999 ”Clearly both students and teachers enjoyed the programme.” Timothy % of the participants rated the computer based course as effective as person to person teaching.” Smith 1998

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos ”Virtual Classrooms support higher levels of interactivity than is found in traditional face to face classrooms.” Cravener 1998 Communication among computer based teams was only a fraction of those among face to face teams carrying out the same task Reid 1996

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos ”Students in the text based group seemed to fulfil their assignements and improved their post-test scores better than those in the computer based group.” Vichitveipaisal 2001 Students using computers needed 43% less time and achived higher final results. Lyon 1992 A hard copy textbook might be more effective than computer based learning for aquiring specific information during a brief period Kim 2002 The rapid turn-about of electronic messages led to extraordinary high standards of excellence in students assignements. Cravener 1999

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos Does it sound confusing ? ? ?

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos The novelty effect and little Andy, or the strory of … Buzz Lightyear !!!

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos 1960: Plato ( Programnmed Logic for Automated Teaching Operations) 1970s: CBL 1980s: Diskettes and learning packages 1990s: INTERNET & World Wide Web

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos Dentistry.com Endodontics.com Thedentist.com Dentistzone.com Dental Resources.com Learndental.com ….... MedSchool.com secures 26 million second round funding

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos The UK department of health is considering inovative proposals from the open University to train medical students at home for the first two of the six years. BMJ 318 April 1999 p.895 Working group 4: ”The Virtual Dental School”

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos e -learning: The research of the 90s Case studies Testing a software or package Formative questionnaire evaluations Evaluate attitudes: - acceptance - self perceived effectiveness - will to continue

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos e -learning: The research of the 90s Increased or even enthusiastic acceptance Increased student motivation high level of self reported learning many practical benefits successful implementation Conclusions:

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos The Virtual Classroom in Periodontology EDSA,

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos Preparatory Workshop : Barcelona October 1998!

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos High acceptance (4,5 out of 5) Team spirit High self perceived effectiveness 85 % would like to continue with next course Evaluation results: Mattheos et al 2001, Eur J Dent Educ 5:

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos What was the most important thing you learned during the EDSA Virtual Classroom?

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos April 1999: Phipps R, Merisotis J. The Institute for Higher Education Policy, Washington, DC, USA The most important problem is that the overall quality of the original research is questionable and thereby renders many of the findings inconclusive.

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos Drawbacks: lack of control groups inadequate control of extraneous variables lack of randomization lack of control over reactive effects (novelty, John Henry ) “In short, technology “can leverage faculty time, but it cannot replace most human contact without significant quality losses”

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos “Technology is having, and will continue to have, a profound impact on colleges and universities in America and around the globe. But the research and literature reviewed indicate that the higher education community has a lot to learn regarding how, and in what ways, technology can enhance the teaching/learning process, particularly at a distance.” Other reviews: Mattheos 2000 Schittek 2001 Lewis 2001 Rosenberg 2003

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos e -learning: The 21 st century 25 Randomised controlled trials !

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos e -learning: The 21 st century CAL superiorCAL inferiorNo difference

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos The end of Mythology? What have we learned?

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos lectures Team work PBL seminaries mentoring … … …..... Simulations Virtual Classrooms Decision management CD-ROM Virtual textbook Databases Web boards Chat … … …..... Is e-learning more effective than traditional learning?

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos Certain computer based instructional applications might be proved more effective given a certain student group and a specific task

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos Do students prefer computers ? Increased enthusiasm Increased motivation Reaching the unreachable but… Same drop out rates Similar learning outcomes

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos Will all students participate equally due to computers? People who may be less demonstrative and outspoken in a group setting may participate more in an electronic format (Dyson 1997, Straus 1996) They would be on even ground with ”participation bullies” in the class (Finley 1992) Mattheos et al, Interaction in Virtual versus traditional PBL Classrooms. American Journal of Distance Education 2001 ”Shy” students and ”participation bullies” were present in the e- discussions at least as much as in the in classroom ones.

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos Do we learn in less time with computers? Lyon 1992 : 43 % less time Kim 2002 a Kim 2002 b: textbook Holt 2001: lectures

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos How close are we to the Virtual Dental School?

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos So what do we do now? Implement, experiment, evaluate - formative and summative - subjective factors - objective outcomes - beyong acceptance - individual factors, learning styles etc Be open – be critical Question quality on every step

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos And what do we see in the future? The Oracle of Delphi

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos Technologies will continue driving our choices Wireless networks…

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos Simulations, Virtual reality…

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos Technology is getting smarter..! Cognitive science – semantic network

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos Cognitive science – semantic networks Interaction with databases and database driven applications Technology is getting smarter..!

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos Face to face education will be enhanced and improved through technology when the focus is on learning

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos e -nthusiasts ! e -fraid …

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos Strong military involvement in the early stages Strong military involvement in the early stages Explosive growth initially in North America Explosive growth initially in North America Two large companies fighting for control Two large companies fighting for control Endless dreaming about globalisation, peace and harmony Endless dreaming about globalisation, peace and harmony Newspapermen feared they will go out of business Newspapermen feared they will go out of business Used for “wired” business, also “wired” fraud and cheating Used for “wired” business, also “wired” fraud and cheating Initiated “wired” romance, love and even marriages Initiated “wired” romance, love and even marriages Quiz: Which is the medium?

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos The Victorian Internet by Tom Standage, Phoenix, UK Telegraph !!!

2004Hälsnäs Nikos Mattheos