Movement of Peoples; HOW THE GOLD GENERATION TRANSFORMED VICTORIA Marion Littlejohn Education Officer, Sovereign Hill Museums July, 2014.

Year 9 Depth studies 1 Making a Better World? 2 Australia and Asia 3 World War I Making a Better World? Students investigate how life changed in the period in depth through the study of ONE of these major developments: 1.The Industrial Revolution (1750 – 1914) 2.Movement of peoples (1750 – 1901) 3.Progressive ideas and movements (1750 – 1918) The study includes the causes and effects of the development, and the Australian experience.

Key inquiry questions What were the changing features of the movements of people from 1750 to 1918? How did new ideas and technological developments contribute to change in this period? What was the origin, development, significance and long-term impact of imperialism in this period?

Victoria was transformed by the massive movement of people who arrived during the Gold Rush and who sowed the seeds of our modern society. The huge numbers arriving after 1851 came overwhelmingly from the educated middle-classes of Britain and they swamped earlier arrivals. They differed from the pre-gold generation and created a society that was different to what existed in Britain or Europe at that time. By 1856 the colony of Victoria was one of the most democratic in the world and one of the most prosperous.

Gutenberg Printing Press, c Inquiry question How did new ideas and technological developments contribute to change in this period?

The Industrial Revolution Inquiry question How did new ideas and technological developments contribute to change in this period?

1837 Victoria crowned Queen of Great Britain and Ireland Queen Victoria [ ] By Franz Xaver Winterhalter Inquiry Question What was the origin, development, significance and long-term impact of imperialism in this period?

British Empire in 1886(Inset shows British Territories in 1776)

1808 Trevithick charged one shilling at his Steam Circus to view his “Catch me who can” steam locomotive Inquiry question How did new ideas and technological developments contribute to change in this period?

Isambard Kingdom Brunel by the launching chains of the Great Eastern by Robert Howlett, 1857

Brunel’s Great Western railway linking London to Bristol included this two-mile- long Tunnel at Box; then the longest railway tunnel in the world. Construction began in 1836 and the tunnel opened in 1841.

By 1846 – 5,000 miles of railway track are laid in Britain

Launch of the Great Britain by HRH Prince Albert in 1843 Launch of Great Britain at Bristol, July Painting by Joseph Walter

[The Oriel Window, South Gallery, Lacock Abbey], 1835 or 1839 William Henry Fox Talbot (British, 1800–1877) From the "Bertoloni Album," 1839 William Henry Fox Talbot Photogenic drawing Album of 36 photogenic drawings Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Inquiry question How did new ideas and technological developments contribute to change in this period?

1838 Publication of The People’s Charter start of Chartism Inquiry question How did new ideas and technological developments contribute to change in this period?

1840 The Penny Post is introduced in Britain

1842 end of first Opium War – Britain gains Hong Kong

1840 Smallpox vaccination - using cowpox - provided free in Britain - other treatments of smallpox banned Edward Jenner by James Northcote Inquiry Question How did new ideas and technological developments contribute to change in this period?

Reenactment – first use of ether Massachusetts General Hospital 1846

Florence Nightingale c John Snow links contaminated water to the spread of cholera

1848 – Major Chartist demonstration in London The Chartist Demonstration on Kennington Common, 10th April 1848, by William Barnes Wollen

The Great Chartist Meeting on Kennington Common, London, April 10, 1848, photograph taken by William Kilburn. Black-and-white photograph with applied colour. Original at Windsor Castle.

"The Declaration of Independence" by John Trumbull (mural in the Capitol Building, Washington D.C.) “We hold these truths to be self- evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.” 4 th July, 1776

Batman trading with Aboriginal People, SLV, 1886

Map of Victorian Aborigines language territories

Inquiry Question What was the origin, development, significance and long-term impact of imperialism in this period? Red = 1837 Black = 1838

The Emigrants 1844 by Elizabeth Walker

Poole, P.F. The Emigrants Departure, 1838

Ercildoune 1835 – 1851 The Port Phillip District of NSW was developing as a Squattocracy

The Forest Creek Diggings, Mount Alexander, London Illustrated News, 1852 Inquiry Question What were the changing features of the movements of people from 1750 to 1918?

S.T. Gill, The Rush

Serle, G. The Golden Age; A history of the colony of Victoria 1851 – 1861 (MUP, 1977) Page 382 Population of Victoria increases 7 times over 10 years 1851 – 1861.

Ford Maddox-Brown, The Last Of England, 1854

Port Phillip Society Victoria changed by gold 1851 → Inquiry Question What were the changing features of the movements of people from 1750 to 1918?

S.T. Gill. Butchers Shamble, F. Creek

S.T. Gill, Diggers Hut, Canvas & Bark 1852

BY 1861: Melbourne the fastest growing city in the world Parliament House, Treasury Building, State Library Melbourne University opened Ballarat, Bendigo and Castlemaine substantial provincial centres Expanding rail network Manhood suffrage Secret ballot Payment of Members of Parliament Abolition of property qualifications for Members of Parliament End of dominance of Squatters Eight hour day achieved by Ballarat workers But The population was still overwhelmingly British Retained loyalty and ties to Britain

Samuel Brees, Flemington Road, 1856

‘The Mongolian Octopus', cartoon by Phillip May in The Bulletin, 21 August 1886.

Phoenix Foundry, Ballarat 1873 Inquiry question How did new ideas and technological developments contribute to change in this period? 1883 – the 100 th steam locomotive to be built in Ballarat’s Phoenix Foundry

Ballarat - view from the Town Hall, 1872

Charles Darwin, aged 45 in 1854, by then working towards publication of On the Origin of Species Published 1859 Inquiry question How did new ideas and technological developments contribute to change in this period?

Inquiry question What was the origin, development, significance and long- term impact of imperialism in this period?