1 (a) Explain the concepts of anicca and anatta 1 (a) Explain the concepts of anicca and anatta. (30 marks) (b) Assess the view that concepts of anicca and anatta have little effect on the way Buddhists live their lives. (15 marks)

2 (a) Examine the meaning of the first and second Noble Truths 2 (a) Examine the meaning of the first and second Noble Truths. (30 marks) (b) ‘Buddhist teaching is more focused on understanding suffering than providing a way to end suffering.’ Assess this view. (15 marks)

3 (a) Explain the teaching on right livelihood and right speech in the Eightfold Path. (30 marks) (b) ‘Morality is the basis of the Eightfold Path.’ Assess this view. (15 marks)

4 (a) Examine the nature and discipline of the monastic community in Buddhism. (30 marks) (b) ‘The way of the monk is superior to the way of the lay Buddhist.’ Assess this view. (15 marks)

(a) Examine the nature and discipline of the monastic community in Buddhism. The nature of the monastic community • Ordained monks and nuns which leave worldly life to follow the holy life. Purpose to serve the spiritual needs of lay people but also advance themselves in Buddhist path and remove the defilements of greed, hatred and delusion. • In all schools of Buddhism monastic life is acknowledged as being on a generally higher level of virtue than lay life. • Bearers and preservers of the Buddhist tradition: teachers, guides and examples to the laity. • The renunciation of normal worldly activities and involvements is practiced to varying extents.

• Ordained monks and nuns which leave worldly life to follow the holy life. Purpose to serve the spiritual needs of lay people but also advance themselves • There are close lay - monastic relationships. Lay disciples (upasikas) depend on monks for spiritual guidance, monks rely on lay people for material and physical needs. • In Thailand, Burma, Sri Lanka all or most men become monks for a short or long period of time. • The viharas or monastery can be the centre of the village and focus for community life. • They do not need to remain a monk or nun for life.

The discipline of the monastic community • Monks and nuns living in community according to vinaya discpline. • Celibacy and rules about food, dress and moral discipline. • The vinaya code of discipline (Pattimokkha) from 150 - 400 rules according to particular tradition were established to protect and ensure the comfort of the sangha, ward off ill meaning people who might wish to join it, and helping monks and nuns destroy greed, hatred and delusion. • Rules are tools to transform the mind and behaviour. • The rules are arranged in varying degrees of gravity so breaking any has some form of punishment the ultimate being permanent dismissal. 10 precepts relate to • Not harming living beings by digging the ground or destroying plants and trees. • Not consuming food or drink that has not been formally offered. • Celibacy. • Various forms of wrong speech including false accusations. • Drinking alcohol. • Eating after noon. • Unseemly frivolous behaviour. • Not attending forms of entertainment. • Using a high and luxurious bed. • Handling money. (30 marks) AO1

(b) ‘The way of the monk is superior to the way of the lay Buddhist (b) ‘The way of the monk is superior to the way of the lay Buddhist.’ Assess this view. In support of this view Monastic discipline and commitment is demanding and challenging and demonstrates the holy life. Established by the Buddha in this way. Requires considerable self sacrifice and determination. Leads to higher mental states due to meditation and pure moral discipline. On the other hand Not all monks follow the same discipline. In some countries monastic life can be used as a form of sheltered housing. Discipline can be lax where it is the state religion. Lay Buddhists develop high levels of service and generosity. In modern times, it is possible for lay Buddhists to practice meditation and attain high levels of insight. All able to reach nibbana as depends on variety of complex factors. (15 marks)

Samsara and the three marks of existence 0 1 Explain the meaning and significance of the concept of samsara for Buddhists. (30 marks) AND 0 2 .The Buddhist attitude towards life is pessimistic.. Assess the truth of this claim. (15 marks)

The Four Noble Truths 0 3 Examine the teachings about nibbana in Buddhism. (30 marks) AND 0 4 .’Nibbana is an unattainable goal for most Buddhists’. Assess this view. (15 marks)

The Eightfold Path 0 5 Explain the teachings on right mindfulness and right concentration in the Eightfold Path. (30 marks) AND 0 6 .’Meditation is the essential basis of the Buddhist way of life’. Assess this view. (15 marks) ‘

The Sangha 0 7 Examine the role and importance of the lay community in the Buddhist Sangha. (30 marks) AND 0 8 .’The lay community is more important than the monastic community in Buddhism today’. Assess this view. (15 marks)

0 1 Explain Buddhist teachings about death and rebirth (30 marks) AND 0 2 Assess the view that Buddhist teaching on rebirth has little effect on the way Buddhists live their lives. (15 marks)

0 3 Outline the Buddhist concept of tanha (craving) and explain how tanha leads to suffering (30 marks) AND 0 4 ‘Tanha is the only cause of suffering’. Assess this view. (15 marks)

0 5 Examine the meaning and purpose of right understanding and right thought in the Eightfold Path (30 marks) AND 0 6 ‘Without the wisdom or right understanding and right thought, following the Eightfold Path is pointless’. Assess this view. (15 marks)

0 7 Examine the nature of the Sangha as a refuge for the lay and monastic community. (30 marks) AND 0 8 ‘Today, the way of life of the lay Buddhist is more important than the monastic way of life’. How far do you agree? (15 marks)