SOCIO ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING EXPLOITATION AND MANAGEMENT OF TOP PREDATORS TOP PREDATORSＰ． Ｍ． Ｍｉｙａｋｅ

ExploitationManagements Biological (including echo-system and stocks) environment Oceanographic (physiochemical) environment Fishery and management policy Socio-economic

ExploitationManagements Biological (including echo-system and stocks) environment Oceanographic (physiochemical) environment Fishery and management policy Socio-economic

Fisheries

Historical catch by fishing gears

Major technological changes in fishing Longline Super-freezer Super-freezer Deep setting Deep setting Shift from Large to small boats Shift from Large to small boats Pole and line Forced water circulation Forced water circulation Introduction of freezer Introduction of freezer Purse seine Increasing holding-capacity Increasing holding-capacity Bird rader Bird rader Development of FAD fishing Development of FAD fishing

Increasing small longline catch

Increasing Fishing Capacity (particularly of large seiners)

Major economical changes in fishing Vessel construction cost (Negative?) Fish price and demand (Positive?) Reduction of cost from landing to consumers’ market Operating cost (fuel, labor, material, bait, etc.) Increasing coastal states right Cost for management (observers, VMS, various mitigation procedures, etc)

Fuel price

Recent changes in fisheries Recent increase in purse seine fishing capacity and consequently in catch Shift from large fish to small fish Reduction of Y/R and AMSY Increase in coastal fisheries (particularly of small longliners)

Impact of various gears on stock

Processing

Tuna (mt) used for canning and sashimi

Import price for canning and sashimi

Tuna product (in processed wght) share

Canned tuna producing countries

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Sashimi market

Problems with trade data No reliable world statistics for a long period. Fresh, chilled or frozen tunas are given in processed weight but how processed is not given. Fresh, chilled or frozen tuna are in wet weight, but the canned product is in canned net weight. Exports, imports, productions and re-exports are often inconsistent. Fresh, chilled or frozen tunas can be used for canning or fresh fish market. Canned tuna may include other species than major tunas (e.g. bonitos)..

Canned tuna exports by cotinents

Consumption No reliable world statistics for a long period.No reliable world statistics for a long period. Consumptions are calculated as balance:Consumptions are calculated as balance: Production + Import - Export – Reexport - Production + Import - Export – Reexport -

Consumption of canned tuna by continents

Consumption of fresh, chilled and frozen tuna by continents

Other socio-economic elements Eco-system approach for fishery managements Evaluation of target species population Evaluation of target species population Evaluation of impact of fisheries to the entire eco-system. Evaluation of impact of fisheries to the entire eco-system. Evaluation of influence of eco-system to target species. Evaluation of influence of eco-system to target species.

Farming

Development of tuna farming

Japanese import of farmed tuna

Positive sides of farming Add values to the captured fish.Price-rise for many bait fish and hence economical gains for other local fisheries. Add values to the captured fish.Price-rise for many bait fish and hence economical gains for other local fisheries. Increase job opportunities in farming areas. Increase job opportunities in farming areas. Provide fat meat of tuna to the market in a large quantity and relatively low price. Provide fat meat of tuna to the market in a large quantity and relatively low price. Provide high valued tuna on constant basis. Provide high valued tuna on constant basis. Stabilized tuna as an important trade commodity. Stabilized tuna as an important trade commodity.

Negative sides of farming Uncertainties in quantity, area, time and size of fish of catches increased (possible tuna laundering.) Uncertainties in quantity, area, time and size of fish of catches increased (possible tuna laundering.) Excessive exploitation of bluefin stocks. Excessive exploitation of bluefin stocks. Tuna price in the Japanese market collapsed and lead many fishers to economic difficulties. Tuna price in the Japanese market collapsed and lead many fishers to economic difficulties. Collapsed people’s taste bud (author’s opinion). Collapsed people’s taste bud (author’s opinion). Possible sanitary problem? Possible sanitary problem? Negative effects on environment? Negative effects on environment? Introduction of new parasites or disease by baitfish? Introduction of new parasites or disease by baitfish?

Production of farmed tuna vs. catch

Japanese domestic and import BFTs

Japanese price and quantity of Med. BFT

Thank you for listning P. M. Miyake