Holt Call to Freedom Chapter 17: Manifest Destiny and War 1840-1860

17.1 Manifest Destiny and Expansion Objectives: Analyze how Americans’ belief in manifest destiny affected western expansion. Explain how the United States acquired Oregon and Texas. Discuss events that led to the Mexican War. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 2

I. The Roots of Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny – the belief that nothing would stop the United States from expanding to the Pacific Ocean Term first used by New York newspaper editor John O’Sullivan © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 3

MANIFEST DESTINY Source: http://lfa.atu.edu/ssphil/people/ssjw/front/md.htm

C. Origins of Manifest Destiny Found in Americans’ economic, political, and social experiences Puritans believed that their society was a special promised land, which would serve as a religious example to the rest of the world. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 5

C. Origins of Manifest Destiny During the American Revolution, Patriots believed that the United States would prove to the world that democracy could work in a large and growing country Desire for farmland and new markets for goods also promoted expansion. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 6

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 7 II. Gone West By the 1840s many Americans accepted the idea of Manifest Destiny. Settlers moved into areas outside of the United States, such as California, Oregon and Texas. Ignored the fact that American Indians and Mexicans already lived in these areas © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 7

III. The Election of 1844 Source: http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/fi/00000096.jpg

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 9 A. John Tyler Made western expansion an election issue by supporting Texas annexation Was vice president; became president when President Harrison died in 1841 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 9

John Tyler Source: http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/fi/tyler.jpg

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 11 B. Henry Clay Selected over Tyler as the Whig presidential candidate Initially opposed Texas annexation, but later supported it without enthusiasm © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 11

Henry Clay Source: http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/graphic/large/HenryClay5.jpg

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 13 C. James K. Polk Democratic presidential candidate who wanted to acquire Texas and Oregon Defeated Clay by a narrow margin © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 13

James K Polk Source: http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/fi/00000098.jpg

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 15 III. The Election of 1844 Manifest Destiny played an important role in the election. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 15

IV. Acquiring New Territory © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 16

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 17 A. Oregon Country Great Britain and the United States disagreed over the U.S.-Canada border in Oregon, and war seemed possible. In 1846 the two nations signed a treaty giving the United States all Oregon land south of the 49th parallel; drew border between Canada and the United States © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 17

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 18 B. Texas The United States and Texas approved annexation, and Texas became the 28th state in 1845 Annexation angered the Mexican government, however. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 18

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 19 V. War Breaks Out © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 19

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 20 A. Mexico’s Response Cut diplomatic ties with United States, ordered U.S. Settlers out of California Claimed the border between Texas and Mexico was the Nueces River, which was farther north than the Rio Grande, the border the United States claimed © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 20

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wpdms_republic_of_texas.png

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 22 B. War Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor into the disputed border region. Polk unsuccessfully tried to buy California and New Mexico from Mexico. Congress declared war in 1846, after American and Mexican soldiers clashed. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 22

Zachary Taylor http://home.sandiego.edu/~landeros/mexican/taylor.JPG

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 24 17.2 The Mexican War Objectives: Describe Americans’ reactions to the declaration of war against Mexico. Examine the major events and battles of the war. Explain the terms of the treaty that ended the Mexican War. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 24

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 25 I. Response to War © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 25

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 26 A. War with Mexico Although outnumbered, the U.S. Army had better weapons and equipment than Mexican forces did. Some 200,000 Americans volunteered to fight. First U.S. war fought mainly on foreign soil © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 26

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 27 A. War with Mexico First U.S. war covered by many newspapers, and one of the first wars to be photographed War stirred patriotic fervor among many Americans. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 27

War Mexican Source: http://homepage.univie.ac.at/kurt.mayer/graphics/MexWarl.jpg

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 29 B. Opposition to the War Many Whig Party members thought the war was unjustified and unneeded. Writer Henry David Thoreau was jailed for refusing to pay taxes, which he believed would support a war that he considered unjust. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 29

Henry David Thoreau Source: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/history/virtual/portrait/thoreau.jpg

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 31 B. Opposition to the War Northern abolitionists opposed the war because they feared southerners would try to establish slavery in any new territories acquired as a result of the war. Some pro-slavery southerners, such as John C. Calhoun, also opposed the war because they worried that new territories might ban slavery. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 31

John C Calhoun Source: http://www.newgenevacenter.org/portrait/calhoun.jpg

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 33 II. American Victories After winning battles north of the Rio Grande, Zachary Taylor led his troops across the river and occupied the town of Matamoros. Brigadier General Stephen Kearny captured Santa Fe and headed for California. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 33

Kearny (red line) Taylor (blue line) Source: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/atlas_texas/kearny_doniphan_campaigns.jpg

Stephen Kearny http://www.etsu.edu/cas/history/resources/Private/Faculty/Fac_To1877ChapterDocFiles/ChapterImages/Ch11kearny.jpg

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 36 C. California American settlers led the Bear Flag Revolt against California. U.S. Army explorer John C. Frémont encouraged Americans to join the revolt. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 36

The State Flag of California Bear Flag Revolt The First Bear Flag 1846  The flag flew over the town of Sonoma from June 14 until it was replaced on July 9, 1846 by the Stars and Stripes. The State Flag of California The 1846 First Bear Flag served as the model for our current state flag which was adopted as the State Flag in 1911. Source: http://www.ourhealdsburg.com/history/flags_files/california.jpg

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 38 C. California Meanwhile, U.S. naval forces and Kearny’s troops captured several towns. Americans claimed control of California in August 1846. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 38

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 39 III. The War’s End Taylor’s forces defeated General Santa Anna’s army at Buena Vista in Mexico. General Santa Anna http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/mex-war/santa-anna-1.gif © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 39

Source: http://www. lib. utexas

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 41 B. Politics President Polk, a Democrat, feared that General Taylor, a Whig, was becoming too popular and might run for the presidency. As a result of this and other reasons, Polk replaced Taylor with Winfield Scott. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 41

Winfield Scott Source: http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1861/july/general-winfield-scott.jpg

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 43 C. Final Battles Scott’s forces captured the key port city of Veracruz, Mexico. After a major battle, American troops took Mexico City in September 1847. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 43

Source: http://www. socialstudiesforkids

IV. More New Territories The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed in February 1848, marked the peace. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 45

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 46 B. Terms United States received the Mexican Cession, land that included the present-day states of California, Nevada, and Utah; most of Arizona and New Mexico; and parts of Colorado and Wyoming. The Rio Grande was established as the U.S.-Mexico border in Texas. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 46

Source: http://www. notredamehs

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 48 B. Terms The United States paid Mexico $15 million and assumed claims of more than $3 million held by American citizens against Mexico. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 48

IV. More New Territories In 1853 the United States negotiated the Gadsden Purchase, paying Mexico $10 million for the southern parts of what are now Arizona and New Mexico. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 49

Gadsden Purchase Source: http://www.oldmesilla.org/assets/images/gadsden-purchase-map.jpg

17.3 More Settlers Head West Objectives: Analyze the conflicts caused by new U.S. settlement in the Southwest. Discuss the interaction between various cultures in the Southwest. Explain why the Mormons moved to the West and what they achieved there. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 51

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 52 I. Conflicts over Land American settlers, traders, and speculators flooded into the Mexican Cession. Source: http://members.tripod.com/mexicancession/links/linkhead.gif © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 52

Mexican Cession Source: http://www.worldbook.com/features/lewisandclark/assets/mexicancession.gif

B. Treatment of Mexicans in the Southwest The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo protected property rights of residents in the Mexican Cession. U.S. government often made Mexican American landowners defend their property rights in court, which bankrupted many of the landowners. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 54

B. Treatment of Mexicans in the Southwest New settlers often ignored Mexican legal traditions, such as community property and community water rights. To protect their property, some Tejanos married into powerful Anglo families. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 55

C. Treatment of American Indians in the Southwest New white settlers often took control of water resources and grazing lands. Settlers rarely showed respect for Indian burial grounds and holy places. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 56

C. Treatment of American Indians in the Southwest American Indian raiding parties sometimes attacked settlements. Settlers fought back, sometimes attacking Indian groups or villages not involved in the raids, which led to new conflicts. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 57

II. Cultural Encounters American Indian, Mexican, and Anglo cultures came together and influenced one another in the Southwest. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 58

B. Mexican and American Indian Influences The Spanish language was important in trade and daily life. Many place-names reflected the Mexican and American Indian heritage. American and European settlers adopted some Mexican holidays. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 59

B. Mexican and American Indian Influences Mexican Americans taught Americans mining and ranching techniques. The Spanish adopted from the Pueblo the use of adobe as a building material. New settlers adopted Mexican and American Indian foods, such as tamales. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 60

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 61 C. Trade Brought people from different communities and cultures together and altered the economy of the Southwest. The Navajo became known as skilled silversmiths, a craft they had learned from Mexican American settlers. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 61

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 62 C. Trade Americans brought manufactured goods, such as firearms, and new breeds of animals to the Southwest. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 62

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 63 III. The Mormons In 1830 Joseph Smith founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, whose members became known as Mormons. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 63

Joseph Smith Source: http://www.pbs.org/americanprophet/images/joseph-smith.jpg

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 65 B. Persecution Were persecuted for some of their beliefs and practices, such as polygamy To escape, moved from New York to Ohio, then to Missouri, and then to Illinois An anti-Mormon mob murdered Smith in Illinois in 1844. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 65

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 66 B. Persecution Brigham Young became the head of the church after Smith’s death. Young chose Utah, then Mexican territory, as the new home for the Mormons. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 66

Brigham Young Source: http://class.et.byu.edu/it431/labs/byoung_low.png

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 68 C. Moving West Mormons followed a route that became known as the Mormon Trail. Founded Salt Lake City, which became the main Mormon community © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 68

Mormon Trail Source: http://go.hrw.com/venus_images/M12a02.gif

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 70 17.4 The Gold Rush Objectives: Discuss why many people headed west to California in 1849. Describe what life was like in gold rush mining camps and towns. Analyze how the gold rush changed California. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 70

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 71 I. The Forty-Niners © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 71

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 72 A. Gold Gold was discovered at Sutter’s Mill in January 1848. President Polk confirmed the discovery in a speech that December. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 72

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Sutters_Mill.jpg

B. The California Gold Rush Caused a huge increase in the population of California Began in 1849 and drew some 80,000 gold-seekers, known as forty-niners Nearly 80 percent of the forty-niners were U.S. citizens. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 74

Forty-niners Source: http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/images/pho/t012/T012961A.jpg

C. Getting to California Easterners and Europeans usually took sea routes. One route went around the Cape of Good Hope and took six to nine months. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 76

Cape of Good Hope http://homepages.uni-tuebingen.de/student/frederik.munzel/Bilder/076%20Cape%20of%20good%20Hope.jpg

C. Getting to California Another route combined sea travel with a land trip across Central America. Americans from the Midwest usually took wagon trains to California. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 78

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 79 D. San Francisco Became a stopping point and trade center for forty-niners and other travelers Grew from 800 residents in 1848 to 25,000 in 1850 http://www.sfgov.org/site/visitor_index.asp?id=8081 © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 79

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 80 II. Gold Fever © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 80

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 81 A. Mining Forty-niners would prospect, or search for gold, along streams or in shallow mines Disagreements over mining rights could lead to violent confrontations. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 81

Source: http://www.aoc.gov/images/gold.jpg

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 83 II. Gold Fever California’s yearly gold production peaked at more than $60 million in 1853. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 83

III. Mining Camps and Towns © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 84

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 85 A. Mining Towns Often lacked law enforcement Could be violent and dangerous places © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 85

Mining Town Source: http://history.osu.edu/projects/coal/AnthraciteCoalCommunities/MiningTown.jpg

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 87 B. Women Only about five percent of gold rush immigrants were women and children. Some married women made the journey to California with their husbands. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 87

25 Families are supplied by this hydrant. Women 25 Families are supplied by this hydrant. Source: http://history.osu.edu/projects/coal/AnthraciteCoalCommunities/life.htm

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 89 C. Making Money Many people made money by selling goods and services to miners. Some women made money by doing laundry and cooking meals. Severe inflation led to prices such as $1 for a single egg. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 89

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 90 D. Biddy Mason Biddy Mason and her family arrived in California as slaves. They gained their liberty, and Mason worked as a nurse and did domestic work. Mason invested in land and became one of California’s wealthiest landowners. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 90

Mason Biddy Source: http://www.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/african/west/masonb_l.jpg

IV. Immigrants to California © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 92

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 93 A. Chinese immigrants Came to escape famine and economic hardships in southeastern China Suffered discrimination and violence in California Worked in the mines, and many also opened their own businesses © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 93

IV. Immigrants to California Immigrants also arrived from Europe, Mexico, and South America. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 94

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 95 V. Growth in the West The California Gold Rush led to a population boom. As the gold rush faded, California society became more stable. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 95

California Gold Rush Source: http://www.goldrush.com/~joann/women1.jpg

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 97 V. Growth in the West Many new arrivals treated Californios and American Indians badly. California had the population necessary to apply for statehood in 1850. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 97