parasite lab by l.wafa menawi Hookworms parasite lab by l.wafa menawi

parasite lab by l.wafa menawi Hookworms The hookworms cause hookworm disease, which is one of the five major parasitic disease in China(malaria, shistosomiasis, filariasis, kala- azar and hookworm disease). At least two species of hookworms infect man, Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale. They live in small intestine. parasite lab by l.wafa menawi

parasite lab by l.wafa menawi Ancylostoma duodenale Egg Rhabditiform larva Adult parasite lab by l.wafa menawi

parasite lab by l.wafa menawi Hookworms Ancylostoma is found in Europe around the Mediterranean, on the West coast of South America and in parts of China and India Necator is found over much of the western hemisphere, Africa and South East Asia More than a billion people infected parasite lab by l.wafa menawi

parasite lab by l.wafa menawi Hookworms Acylostoma was found coal and other mines throughout Europe At the turn of the last century, severe hookworm disease was an officially recognized occupational hazard in German coal mines and an eligible disease for workman’s compensation parasite lab by l.wafa menawi

parasite lab by l.wafa menawi Hookworms Hookworms were wide spread in the Southern USA . Hookworm control programs were a big part of the public health campaign in the South during and right after World War II 1972 12% of school children from rural costal Georgia tested positive for hookworm infection parasite lab by l.wafa menawi

parasite lab by l.wafa menawi    Morphology 1. Adults: They look like an odd piece thread and are about 1cm. They are white or light pinkish when living. ♀is slightly larger than♂.The male’s posterior end is expanded to form a copulatory bursa. parasite lab by l.wafa menawi

parasite lab by l.wafa menawi 2. Eggs: 60×40 µm in size, oval in shape, shell is thin and colorless. Content is 2-8cells. parasite lab by l.wafa menawi

Differences between two hookworms Adults of A. duodenale Adults of N. americanus parasite lab by l.wafa menawi

Acylostoma duodenale & Necator americanus -- human hookworms Small nematodes (1-1.5 cm) Head is slightly bend (hook) and the ‘mouth’ carries characteristic teeth (Ancylostoma) or plates (Necator, note that these are not real teeth but cuticular formations of the ‘buccal capsule) The posterior end of the male worm is elaborated into a copulatory bursa parasite lab by l.wafa menawi

parasite lab by l.wafa menawi Scanning electron micrograph of the mouth capsule of Ancylostoma duodenale, note the presence of four "teeth," two on each side. parasite lab by l.wafa menawi

parasite lab by l.wafa menawi Scanning electron micrograph of the mouth capsule of Necator americanus, another species of human hookworm.  Note the presence of two cutting "teeth“. parasite lab by l.wafa menawi

parasite lab by l.wafa menawi Ancylostoma duodenale - copulatory bursa and spines of male(a side view) parasite lab by l.wafa menawi

parasite lab by l.wafa menawi Copulatory bursa of N. americanus(a side view) parasite lab by l.wafa menawi

parasite lab by l.wafa menawi Left picture: Copulatory bursa and spines of N. americanus(a side view); Right picture: copulatory bursa of A. duodenale(a top view) parasite lab by l.wafa menawi

parasite lab by l.wafa menawi Morphologically it is not possible to differentiate between A. duodenale and N. americanus. Interference contrast. ×400. Enlarged by 5.4. parasite lab by l.wafa menawi

The Morphological Differences between Two species of Hookworms _____ A. duodenale N. americanus Size larger smaller ________________________________________________ Shape single curve, looks like C double curves, looks like S _____________________________________________ Mouth 2 pairs of ventral teeth 1peir of ventral cutting plates _______________________________________________ Copulatory circle in shape oval in shape Bursa (a top view) (a top view) Copulatory 1pair with separate 1pair of which unite to form spicule endings a terminal hooklet caudal spine present no vulva position post-equatorial pre-equatorial parasite lab by l.wafa menawi

parasite lab by l.wafa menawi Life Cycle 1.  Final host: man 2.  Inf. Stage: Larva 3 or filariform larva 3.  Inf. Route: by skin 4.  Food: blood and tissue fluid 5.  Site of inhabitation: small intestine 6.  Life span: Ad 15years, Na 3-7years 7. Blood-lung migration: skin, cavum, right heart, lungs parasite lab by l.wafa menawi

parasite lab by l.wafa menawi Life cycle of hookworm parasite lab by l.wafa menawi

parasite lab by l.wafa menawi

parasite lab by l.wafa menawi Adult worms live in the small intestine and female lay 5-10000 eggs a day over 5 years Eggs are passed with the feces Larvae develop outside the body and molt twice The filariform or L3 larvae move to the surface in search for a host If they come into contact with the host they penetrate the skin, enter blood vessels and leave the circulatory system into the alveoli The larvae move up the trachea into the esophagus, are swallowed and finally reach the intestine, where they molt twice more before they reach maturity parasite lab by l.wafa menawi

Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations 1. Larval migration (1) Dermatitis, known as "ground itch" or "stool poison".The larvae penetrating the skin cause allergic reaction, petechiae 0r papule with itching and burning sensation. Scratching leads to secondary infection. parasite lab by l.wafa menawi

parasite lab by l.wafa menawi (2) pneumonitis (allergic reaction), Loeffier's syndrome: cough, asthma, low fever, blood-tinged sputum or hemoptysis, chest-pain, inflammation shadows in lungs under X-ray. These manifestations go on about 2 weeks. parasite lab by l.wafa menawi

parasite lab by l.wafa menawi 2. Adults in small intestine (1) Epigastric pain as that of a duodenal ulcer. (2) A large worm burden results in microcytic hypochromatic anemia (character manifestation). The symptoms are lassitude, edema, palpitation of the heart. In severe case, death may result from cardiac failure or physical exhaustion. parasite lab by l.wafa menawi

parasite lab by l.wafa menawi (3) Allotriophagy (orpica) is due to the lack of trace element iron . (4) Amenorrhea, sterility, abortion may take place in women. (5) Gastrointestinal bleeding (6) Infantile hookworm disease parasite lab by l.wafa menawi

Adults in intestinal mucosa parasite lab by l.wafa menawi

parasite lab by l.wafa menawi Diagnosis Criterion: 1. hemoglobin is lower than 120g/L in man, 110g/L in woman. 2. find hookworm egg Method: 1. saturated brine flotation technique 2. direct fecal smear 3. culture of larvae   parasite lab by l.wafa menawi

parasite lab by l.wafa menawi Treatment Albendazole Mebedazole parasite lab by l.wafa menawi

parasite lab by l.wafa menawi Prevention Unified measures: 1. sanitary disposal of night soil 2. individual protection 3. health education 4. cultivate hygienic habits 5. treat the patients and carriers. parasite lab by l.wafa menawi

parasite lab by l.wafa menawi