1. Medical Parasitology Lab.
Staining of Parasites
Prepared By:
Mr. Raed Z. Ahmed
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,

2. Cryptosporidium parvum
Intestinal Protozoa
Cryptosporidium parvum
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,

3. Cryptosporidium parvum
Infect human and most mammals.
The infective stage is oocyst containing sporozoites measuring 4-6µ in diameter.
The diagnostics stage is sporulated oocyst containing 4 sporozoites.
Diagnosis:
Detecting oocyst in stool.
Acid-fast stain.
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,

4. Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst
The most common method of diagnosing Cryptosporidiosis is acid-fast staining methods or the Ziehl-Neelsen stain.
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,

5. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012-2013
Intestinal Protozoa
Isospora belli
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,

6. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012-2013
Isospora belli
Isosporiasis is a human intestinal disease caused by the parasite Isospora belli.
The coccidian parasite Isospora belli infects the epithelial cells of the small intestine, and is the least common of the three intestinal coccidia that infect humans.
Infection causes acute, non-bloody diarrhea with crampy abdominal pain, which can last for weeks and result in malabsorption and weight loss. In immunodepressed patients, and in infants and children, the diarrhea can be severe. Eosinophilia may be present.
Diagnosis:
Acid- fast stain
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,

7. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012-2013
Isospora belli oocyst
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,

8. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012-2013
Tissue Nematodes
Trichinella spiralis
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,

9. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012-2013
Life cycle
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,

10. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012-2013
Trichinella spiralis
Cause trichinosis, trichiniasis or trichinelliasis..
Adult inhabit the small intestine of the rats, pigs and human. Both males and females lie freely in the lumen of the intestine of pigs, rats and human.
Fertilized female only penetrate the mucosa where the larviposit, they do not lay eggs.
Larvae is the infective stage, live encysted in the flesh of the host, and they represent the diagnostic stage.
Human infected by eating undercooked pork containing infective encysted larvae.
Human is dead end host.
Larviparous or viviparous: giving birth to larvae
Oviparous: laying egg
Oviviviparous: laying eggs which contain larvae and which hatch out immediatly
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,

11. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012-2013
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Diagnosis:
Finding larvae in the blood during migration or in muscle after encystation.
Immunological tests.
X- ray to detect the calcified larvae in muscle.
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,

12. Trichinella spiralis larvae encysted in muscle
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,

13. Entrobius vermicularis
Intestinal Nematodes
Entrobius vermicularis
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,

14. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012-2013
Life cycle
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,

15. Entrobius vermicularis
Also named as human pin worm and seat worm, cause oxyurdiasis.
Young and mature worms are present in small intestine (at terminal ileum till fertilization).
Gravid females are present at lower rectum where they lay ova at perianal region around anus (oviparous).
The female is cm long, it has a long tapering tail resembling 1/3 its length, its strait.
The male is shorter than female (2-5 mm) the tail is curved strongly to ventral side, and has a single spicule.
Infective stage: Embryonated Eggs.
Definitive host: human.
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,

16. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012-2013
Continue………
Diagnosis:
Egg in stool is rarely detected but adults present after purgative.
Egg can be detected at perianal area as follow:
N.I.H method (National Institute of Health), its based on swabbing the perianal area with a cellophane paper.
The adhesive cellulose tape (scotch tape), better result.
The Vaseline cloth wiping, the collected ova examined.
Egg morphology:
20-50u, transparent with double walled shell, it may show one side convex and the other flat.
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,

17. Entrobius vermicularis Eggs
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,

18. Entrobius vermicularis Adult
female
male
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,

19. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012-2013
Intestinal Nematodes
Trichuris trichiura
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,

20. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012-2013
Life cycle
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,

21. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012-2013
Trichuris trichiura
Its commonly called whip worm because of the shape of this worm (anterior thin and posterior thick).
Adult inhabit the large intestine in the caecum of man.
The adult male smaller than female, male cm, female 4-5 cm.
Trichuris trichiura eggs have distinct shape. (oviparous)
Diagnosis:
Stool examination to detect eggs.
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,

22. Trichuris trichiura Eggs
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,

23. Trichuris trichiura Adult
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,

24. Strongyloides stercoralis
Intestinal Nematodes
Strongyloides stercoralis
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,

25. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012-2013
Life cycle
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,

26. Strongyloides stercoralis
Adults lives in the small intestine (duodenum and jejunum), fertilized females are deeply embedded in the mucosa, where they also oviposit.
Male have a pointed curved tail associated with two spicules.
Female have straight tail without spicules.
In contrast to the Anclystoma spp., both sexes have short buccal cavity.
Infective stage: Filariform larvae.
Diagnosis:
Based on recovery of the rhabditiform larvae passed in stool.
If diarrhea is present, eggs may also be recovered.
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,

27. Strongyloides stercoralis Larvae
Rhabditiform
Filariform
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,

28. S. Stercoralis Adult Male
spicules
spicules
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29. S. Stercoralis Adult Female
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30. Ancylostoma duodenale
Intestinal Nematodes
Ancylostoma duodenale
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,

31. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012-2013
Life cycle
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,

32. Ancylostoma duodenalae (Hookworm)
Inhabit human intestine ( jejunum, ileum, and rarely duodenum ) and cause Anclystomiasis.
Male shorter than female and have copulatory bursa and two spicules.
Female is long and has pointed end.
Both sexes have long buccal cavity with two pairs of teeth.
Infective stage: Filariform larvae.
Diagnosis:
Based on finding ova in fresh stool sample.
In old sample, larvae present and must be differentiated from larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis.
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,

33. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012-2013
Hookworm Eggs
Hook worm eggs like insects or mites egg, therefore must be differentiated
Mites egg
Plant material
Hook worm egg
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,

34. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012-2013
Hookworm Larvae
Filariform
Rhabditiform
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,

35. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012-2013
Hookworm Adult
Female
Male
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,

36. Ancylostoma duodenalae copulatry burasa
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,

37. Ancylostoma duodenalae buccal capsule
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,

38. Comparison between Ancylostoma duodenalae and Necator americanus
Old world hookworm
New world hookworm
Larger (male 8-11mm)
Smaller (male 7-9mm)
Prominent buccal capsule with 2 pairs of teeth
Smaller buccal capsule with 2 pairs of semilunar cutting plates
Copulatory spicules not fused
Copulatory spicules fused at ends to form a barbed tip
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,

39. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012-2013

40. Copulatory bursa vs Copulatory Spicules
Ancylostoma duodenalae copulatory spicules
Necator americanus copulatory spicules
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,

41. Comparison between S. stercoralis and Hookworm
Aspect
Anclystoma spp.
(Hook worm)
Strongyloides stercoralis
Rhabditiform larvae
Buccal cavity
Long
Short
Esophagus
One – third of the body
Genital permordium
Absence
Prominent
Filariform larvae
Half of the body
Tail
Pointed
Notched
larvae
Striated sheath
Unsheathed
Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,