Review the Animal Kingdom 4 Major Characteristics? Multicellular Eukaryotic Heterotrophs Cells lack cell walls

7 Essential Functions? Feeding Respiration Circulation Excretion Response Movement Reproduction

Trends in Animal Evolution Cell specialization and levels of organization? Early development? Body symmetry? Cephalization? Coelom?

Hard Shells Fur & Milk Glands Amniotic Egg Bony Skeleton Lungs jaws Brain Encased Skull

The Anatomy of a Sponge Water flow Osculum Collar Cell Central cavity Pores Spicule Pore cell Pore Epidermal cell Archaeocyte

Cnidarians have two body forms Polyp - stationary, vase-shaped Medusa - swimming, cup-shaped Examples: hydra, coral, sea anemone Examples: jellyfish, portuguese man of war

Ecology of Sponges Ideal habitats for marine animals such as snails, sea stars, sea cucumbers, and shrimp Mutually beneficial relationships with bacteria, algae and plant-like protists

Ecology of Cnidarians A. Source of new drugs/chemicals sunscreen 855 B. Provide habitats for marine organisms C. Source of food for other organisms (like sea turtles) D. Symbiotic relationships with other organisms

3 Groups of Worms? Flatworms Roundworms Segmented Worms What do all 3 groups have in common? Bilateral symmetry, cephalization, sexual reproduction, true organs,

Flatworm adaptation? Simplest animals to have bilateral symmetry and cephalization.

Roundworm Adaptation? First animals to have a one way digestive system with mouth and anus First animals to have a fluid filled body cavity called a pseudocoelom- “false body cavity”

Segmented Worm Adaptation? First animals to have true circulatory system and coelom – body cavity.

Examples of Mollusks?

Major Advancement? Well developed nervous system

4 parts to body? muscular and modified in each group: used for crawling, burrowing, or may form tentacles for capturing prey thin layer that covers most of the body and secretes the shell made of calcium carbonate – for protection area where internal organs are located. 1. Foot- 2. Mantle (covering) – 3. Shell – 4. Visceral mass –

Classification of Mollusks? Classified into three common groups based on shell presence and type and foot modification 1. Gastropods 2. Bivalves 3. Cephalopods

Echinoderms’ Adaptations Development similar to vertebrates Water Vascular System

Types of Echinoderms Sea Stars Brittle Stars Sea Urchins Sand Dollars Sea Cucumbers

Arthropods “jointed foot” Major Groups Arachnids - Spiders and their relatives Crustaceans- lobster, shrimp and crayfish Centipedes Millipedes Insects and their relatives – grasshopper, cricket, roaches, beetles Adapted to live in almost every environment and range in size from dust mite to Japanese spider crabs

Arthropods Characteristics Largest group of animals Have jointed appendages which include legs, antennae, claws and pincers Have bilateral symmetry, segmented bodies, exoskeletons, a body cavity, a digestive system with two openings and a nervous system Most have separate sexes and reproduce sexually Adapted to live in almost every environment and range in size from dust mite to Japanese spider crabs

Arthropods Body Segments Exoskeleton Bodies of these animals are divided into specialized segments Exoskeleton A hard outer covering that supports and protects the internal body and provides places for muscle to attach. Doesn’t grow as the animals does, it is shed and replaced during a process called molting While the animal are molting they are very vulnerable to predators because they have a soft out covering until the new exoskeleton hardens. Before the exoskeleton hardens the animal makes itself larger by taking in air or water so that there is room to grow into the exoskeleton

Exoskeleton Advantages Disadvantages 1. protection 1. Must molt as animal grows 2. prevents desiccation 2. limits size of animal

Arachnids Have two body regions Four pairs of legs and no antennae Cephalothorax and an abdomen Four pairs of legs and no antennae Many are adapted to kill prey with poison glands, stingers, or fangs Some are parasites

Black Widow

Arachnids Scorpions Spiders Have sharp, poison filled stinger at the end of abdomen. Have a well-developed appendages which they can grab their prey. Spiders Can’t chew their food, release enzymes into prey to digest it—then suck the predigest liquid into its mouth. Have book lungs where O2 and CO2 are exchanged.

Arachnids Mites & Ticks Most are parasites Ticks have specialized mouthparts to remove blood from the host. Ticks often carry disease such as Lyme disease.

Centipedes & Millipedes Have long bodies and many segments, exoskeleton, jointed legs, antennae and simple eyes. Found in damp environments Reproduce sexually Centipedes are predators Millipedes feed on decaying plant matter. Centipedes have one pair of legs per segment Millipedes have two pair of legs per segment

Centipede Millipede

Crustaceans

Crustaceans Have one or two pair of antennae and mandibles, which are used for crushing food. Most live in water, but some live in moist environments on land—such as pill bug. Have five pair of legs, first pair of legs are claws for catching and holding food.

Crustaceans Swimmerets are appendages on the abdomen which help in movement and are used in reproduction; also force water over the gills used in O2 and CO2 exchange

Chelipeds – capture prey & defense

Antennae – touch & taste Chelipeds –food and defense

Antennae – touch & taste Chelipeds –food and defense Antennule - balance

Antennae – touch & taste Chelipeds –food and defense Antennule - balance Rostrum - protection

Antennae – touch & taste Chelipeds –food and defense Antennule - balance Rostrum - protection Cervical groove – separation of head & thorax

Antennae – touch & taste Chelipeds –food and defense Antennule - balance Rostrum - protection Cervical groove – separation of head & thorax Swimmerets- swimming

Antennae – touch & taste Chelipeds –food and defense Antennule - balance Rostrum - protection Uropod- steering- Cervical groove – separation of head & thorax Swimmerets- swimming

Antennae – touch & taste Chelipeds –food and defense Antennule - balance telson - Rostrum - protection X - Uropod- steering- Cervical groove – separation of head & thorax Swimmerets- swimming

Antennae – touch & taste Chelipeds –food and defense Carapace – outer covering of body Antennule - balance telson- Rostrum - protection X - Uropod- steering- Cervical groove – separation of head & thorax Swimmerets- swimming

Antennae – touch & taste Walking Legs Chelipeds –food and defense Carapace – outer covering of body Antennule - balance telson - Rostrum - protection X - Uropod- steering- Cervical groove – separation of head & thorax Swimmerets- swimming

Green gland- removes liquid waste

Maxilliped – taste & hold food Green gland- removes liquid waste Maxilliped – taste & hold food

Maxilliped – taste & hold food Green gland- removes liquid waste Maxilliped – taste & hold food Gill Chamber

Maxilliped – taste & hold food Green gland- removes liquid waste swimmerets Maxilliped – taste & hold food Gill Chamber

Maxilliped – taste & hold food Green gland- removes liquid waste anus swimmerets Maxilliped – taste & hold food Gill Chamber

Telson- backward movement Green gland- removes liquid waste anus Telson- backward movement swimmerets Maxilliped – taste & hold food Gill Chamber

Telson- backward movement Mandible – grind food anus Telson- backward movement swimmerets Maxilliped – taste & hold food Gill Chamber

Telson- backward movement uropod Mandible – grind food anus Telson- backward movement swimmerets Maxilliped – taste & hold food Gill Chamber

Telson- backward movement Walking legs uropod Mandible – grind food anus Telson- backward movement swimmerets Maxilliped – taste & hold food Gill Chamber

Telson- backward movement cheliped Walking legs uropod Mandible – grind food anus Telson- backward movement swimmerets Maxilliped – taste & hold food Gill Chamber

Insects Have three body regions 1.Head 2.Thorax 3.Abdomen Has a pair of antennae, eyes and a mouth 2.Thorax Three pairs of legs and one or two pairs of wings if present are attached here 3.Abdomen Where reproductive structures are found

Insects Bilateral Symmetry, cephalization, and well developed nervous systems Have an open circulatory system that carries digestive food to cells and removes wastes Insect blood doesn’t carry O2 instead air enters and exits through openings called spiracles found on the abdomen and thorax Are the only invertebrate animals that can fly Have some of the most specialized adaptations of all arthropods

Insects success Insects are extremely successful based these reasons Tough flexible, waterproof exoskeleton Ability to fly Rapid reproduction cycles Small sizes Use a variety of food sources Insects have other adaptations that allow them to be successful

Insects & Food Feed on a number of things have different mouth parts to obtain food Grasshoppers and ants have large mandibles for chewing Butterflies and honey bees have siphons for lapping up nectar Aphids and mosquitoes have mouth parts that are adapted for piercing into plants or other organisms Centipedes and praying mantises eat other animals, some moths eat wool clothing

Value of Arthropods A source of food Agriculture would be impossible without bees and other insects to pollinate crops Useful chemicals are obtain from some arthropods Important part of ecological community

Controlling Insects Not all arthropods are of value some are pests that carry disease or can damage crops Another negative for using insecticides is that some toxins stay in the environment and can accumulate in other organisms that eat those insects which in turn can be eaten by larger organisms causing illness or death

Controlling Insects Common ways to control insects Insecticides, but these also kill non-harmful insects Biological controls Types of bacteria, fungi, and viruses can be used to control insects Natural predators being released to kill the harmful insect Some how interfere with reproduction of the particular insect

Insect Metamorphosis & Crayfish Diagram

Eggs laid by adult

Young Larva Eggs laid by adult

Young Larva Eggs laid by adult Larva – feeds on leaves

Young Larva Eggs laid by adult Larva – feeds on leaves Mature Larva attaches to twig

Young Larva Eggs laid by adult Larva – feeds on leaves Mature Larva attaches to twig Larva begins to pupate (change) Pupa inside chrysalis

Young Larva Eggs laid by adult Larva – feeds on leaves Mature Larva attaches to twig Adult emerges from chrysalis Larva begins to pupate (change) Pupa inside chrysalis

Young Larva Eggs laid by adult Larva – feeds on leaves Adult – eats nectar & pollen and can fly Mature Larva attaches to twig Adult emerges from chrysalis Larva begins to pupate (change) Pupa inside chrysalis

Young Larva Eggs laid by adult Larva – feeds on leaves Adult – eats nectar & pollen and can fly What are the 4 stages of Complete Metamorphosis Mature Larva attaches to twig Adult emerges from chrysalis Larva begins to pupate (change) Pupa inside chrysalis

Young Larva Eggs laid by adult Larva – feeds on leaves Complete Metamorphosis Egg Larva Pupa Adult Adult – eats nectar & pollen and can fly Mature Larva attaches to twig Adult emerges from chrysalis Larva begins to pupate (change) Pupa inside chrysalis

Advantages: Adults & larvae do not compete for same food source Young Larva Eggs laid by adult Larva – feeds on leaves Complete Metamorphosis Egg Larva Pupa Adult Adult – eats nectar & pollen and can fly Mature Larva attaches to twig Adult emerges from chrysalis Larva begins to pupate (change) Pupa inside chrysalis

Adult lays eggs

Adult lays eggs Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation

Adult lays eggs Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation Nymphs do not have wings & must molt as they grow

Adult lays eggs Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation molt Nymphs do not have wings & must molt as they grow

Adult lays eggs molt Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation molt Nymphs do not have wings & must molt as they grow

Adult lays eggs molt molt Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation molt Nymphs do not have wings & must molt as they grow

Adult- able to reproduce Adult lays eggs molt molt Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation molt Nymphs do not have wings & must molt as they grow

Adult- able to reproduce Adult lays eggs molt What are the three stages of incomplete metamorphosis? molt Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation molt Nymphs do not have wings & must molt as they grow

Adult- able to reproduce Adult lays eggs molt Incomplete Metamorphosis Egg Nymph Adult molt Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation molt Nymphs do not have wings & must molt as they grow

Advantage: 1. Nymphs only job is to eat; adults only reproduce – increases reproductive success Adult- able to reproduce Adult lays eggs molt Incomplete Metamorphosis Egg Nymph Adult molt Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation molt Nymphs do not have wings & must molt as they grow