Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Investments 12

12-2 Accounting for Investment Securities Bonds and notes (Debt securities) Bonds and notes (Debt securities) Common and preferred stock (Equity securities) Common and preferred stock (Equity securities) Investments can be accounted for in a variety of ways, depending on the nature of the investment relationship.

12-3 Reporting Categories for Investments

12-4 Learning Objectives Demonstrate how to identify and account for investments classified for reporting purposes as held to maturity.

12-5 Trading securities (TS) are bought and held primarily to be sold in the near term. Securities available for sale (SAS) are expected to be held for an unspecified period of time. Reporting Categories for Investments Held-to-maturity (HTM) securities are investments in debt the investor intends and has the ability to hold until they mature.

12-6 Securities to Be Held to Maturity On January 1, 2006, Matrix, Inc. purchased as an investment $1,000,000, of 10%, 10-year bonds, interest paid semi- annually. The market rate for similar bonds is 12%, so Matrix paid $885,301 for the bonds. Let’s look at the required journal entries. $885,301 × (12% ÷ 2) = $53,118

12-7 Securities to Be Held to Maturity $114,699 - $3,118 = $111,581 unamortized discount On January 1, 2006, Matrix, Inc. purchased as an investment $1,000,000, of 10%, 10-year bonds, interest paid semi- annually. The market rate for similar bonds is 12%, so Matrix paid $885,301 for the bonds. Let’s look at the required journal entries.

12-8 Investments Held for an Unspecified Period of Time When an investment is held for an unspecified period of time, it is reported at the fair value of the security on the reporting date. Must be “readily determinable” Otherwise, the investment is reported at cost..

12-9 Learning Objectives Demonstrate how to identify and account for investments classified for reporting purposes as available-for-sale.

12-10 Securities Available-for-Sale Adjustments to fair value are recorded as: 1.a direct adjustment to the investment account, and 2.an allowance account in the equity section of the balance sheet called “Net Unrealized Holding Gains/Losses”. Adjustments to fair value are recorded as: 1.a direct adjustment to the investment account, and 2.an allowance account in the equity section of the balance sheet called “Net Unrealized Holding Gains/Losses”.

12-11 Securities Available for Sale Example Matrix, Inc. purchased the securities listed below in They are classified as Securities Available for Sale (SAS). The fair value of the securities were determined on December 31, Prepare the journal entries for Matrix, Inc. to adjust the securities to fair value at December 31, 2006.

12-12 Securities Available for Sale Example. This net unrealized holding gain is reported as an allowance in the equity section of the balance sheet.

12-13 Other Comprehensive Income When we add other comprehensive income to net income we refer to the result as “comprehensive income.”

12-14 Securities Available for Sale Net unrealized holding gains and losses from securities available-for-sale are reported in the equity section of the balance sheet.

12-15 Securities Available for Sale This is called... Occasionally, an investment’s value will decline for reasons that are “other than temporary”.

12-16 Securities Available for Sale The new cost basis (the impaired fair value) is not changed for subsequent recoveries in fair value. If the value is impaired... impaired fair value... the recorded cost of the security is reduced to the impaired fair value, and the difference is included in the current period’s income. If the value is impaired... impaired fair value... the recorded cost of the security is reduced to the impaired fair value, and the difference is included in the current period’s income.

12-17 Learning Objectives Demonstrate how to identify and account for investments classified for reporting purposes as trading securities.

12-18 Trading Securities Adjustments to fair value are recorded as: 1.a direct adjustment to the investment account, and 2.a net unrealized holding gain/loss on the Income Statement. Adjustments to fair value are recorded as: 1.a direct adjustment to the investment account, and 2.a net unrealized holding gain/loss on the Income Statement.

12-19 Trading Securities Matrix, Inc. purchased the addition securities classified as Trading Securities (TS) in The fair value amounts were determined on December 31, Prepare the journal entries for Matrix, Inc. to adjust the securities to fair value at 12/31/06.

12-20 Trading Securities The Net Unrealized Holding Loss is reported on the Income Statement.

12-21 Trading Securities Unrealized holding gains and losses from trading securities are reported on the income statement.

12-22 Transfers Between Reporting Categories Unrealized holding gains or losses at reclassification should be accounted for in a manner consistent with the classification into which the security is being transferred. fair value Transfers are accounted for at fair value on the transfer date.

12-23 Disclosures

12-24 Learning Objectives Explain what constitutes significant influence by the investor over the operating and financial policies of the investee.

12-25

12-26 When an investment results in the control of the investee (generally > 50%), the subsidiary is consolidated with the parent company. The cost method is used for investments in equity securities when significant influence is not present. The equity method is used for investments in equity securities resulting in significant influence (20%-50%).

12-27 Learning Objectives Understand the way investments are recorded and reported by the equity method.

12-28 Equity Method increased 1. The investment account is increased by: Original investment cost. Proportionate share of investee's earnings. decreased 2. The investment account is decreased by: Dividends received. increased 1. The investment account is increased by: Original investment cost. Proportionate share of investee's earnings. decreased 2. The investment account is decreased by: Dividends received.

12-29 Equity Method  The investment account is reported on the balance sheet as a single amount.  The investor’s share of the investee’s earnings from date of acquisition is reported as a single item on the investor’s income statement.

12-30 Equity Method On January 1, 2006, Matrix, Inc. acquired 45% of the equity securities of Apex, Inc. for $1,350,000. On the acquisition date, Apex’s net assets had a fair value of $3,000,000. During 2006, Apex cash paid dividends of $150,000 and reported net income of $1,750,000. What amount will Matrix, Inc. report on the balance sheet as Investment in Apex, Inc.? On January 1, 2006, Matrix, Inc. acquired 45% of the equity securities of Apex, Inc. for $1,350,000. On the acquisition date, Apex’s net assets had a fair value of $3,000,000. During 2006, Apex cash paid dividends of $150,000 and reported net income of $1,750,000. What amount will Matrix, Inc. report on the balance sheet as Investment in Apex, Inc.?

12-31 Equity Method

12-32 Equity Method

12-33 Equity Method Investment in Apex, Inc. Investment 1,350,000 67,500 45% Dividends 45% Earnings 787,500 Reported amount 2,070,000 If the subsidiary had a loss, the investment account would have been reduced.

12-34 Learning Objectives Explain the adjustments made in the equity method when the fair value of the net assets underlying an investment exceeds their book value at acquisition.

12-35 Equity Method If the investor acquires the equity securities of an investee by paying more than the fair value of net assets... GOODWILLIDENTIFIABLE ASSETS... the difference is allocated between GOODWILL and IDENTIFIABLE ASSETS. If the investor acquires the equity securities of an investee by paying more than the fair value of net assets... GOODWILLIDENTIFIABLE ASSETS... the difference is allocated between GOODWILL and IDENTIFIABLE ASSETS.

12-36 Equity Method On January 1, 2006, Matrix, Inc. purchase 25% of the common stock of Apex, Inc. for $200,000. At the date of acquisition, the book value of the net assets of Apex was $480,000, and the net fair value of these assets is $600,000. During 2006, Apex paid cash dividends of $40,000, and reported earnings of $100,000. Let’s prepare the journal entries to reflect the acquisition and other events during 2006.

12-37 Equity Method Assume that of the $50,000 excess of purchase price over fair value of the net asset acquired, 75% is attributable to depreciable assets with a remaining life of 20 years and the remainder is considered goodwill. Matrix uses the straight-line method of depreciation on similar owned assets.

12-38 Equity Method Remember, goodwill is not amortized.

12-39 Changing From Equity To Cost At the transfer date, the carrying value of the investment under the equity method is regarded as cost. When the investor’s level of influence changes, it may be necessary to change from the equity method to another method.

12-40 Changing From Equity To Cost Any difference between cost and fair value is recorded in a valuation account and is recognized as an unrealized holding gain or loss. After the transfer, the investment is treated as a trading security or a security available for sale, depending on management’s intent. Any difference between cost and fair value is recorded in a valuation account and is recognized as an unrealized holding gain or loss. After the transfer, the investment is treated as a trading security or a security available for sale, depending on management’s intent.

12-41 Changing From Cost To Equity When ownership level increases to a significant influence, the investor may change to the equity method. At the transfer date, the recorded value is the initial cost of the investment adjusted for the investor’s equity in the undistributed earnings of the investee since the original investment. When ownership level increases to a significant influence, the investor may change to the equity method. At the transfer date, the recorded value is the initial cost of the investment adjusted for the investor’s equity in the undistributed earnings of the investee since the original investment.

12-42 Changing From Cost To Equity The original cost, the unrealized holding gain or loss, and the valuation account are closed. A retroactive change is recorded to recognize the investor’s share of the investee’s earnings since the original investment. The original cost, the unrealized holding gain or loss, and the valuation account are closed. A retroactive change is recorded to recognize the investor’s share of the investee’s earnings since the original investment.

12-43 Financial Instruments & Derivatives Financial Instruments: 1. Cash. 2. Evidence of an ownership interest in an entity. 3. Contracts meeting certain conditions. Financial Instruments: 1. Cash. 2. Evidence of an ownership interest in an entity. 3. Contracts meeting certain conditions. Derivatives: 1. Hedges created to offset risks created by other financial investments or transactions. 2. Value is derived from other securities. Derivatives: 1. Hedges created to offset risks created by other financial investments or transactions. 2. Value is derived from other securities.

12-44 Appendix 12A Other Investments

12-45 Special Purpose Funds It is often convenient for companies to set aside money to be used for specific purposes. In the short-term funds may be set aside for 1.Petty cash funds. 2.Payroll accounts. In the long-run funds are often set aside to: 1.Pay long-term debt when it comes due. 2.Acquire treasury stock. Special purpose funds set aside for the long-term are classified as investments.

12-46 Investment in Life Insurance Policies It is a common practice for companies to purchase life insurance policies on key officers. The company pays the premium and is the beneficiary of the policy. If the officer dies the company receives the proceeds from the policy. Some types of policies build a portion of each premium as cash surrender value. The cash surrender value of such a policy is classified as an investment on the balance sheet of the company.

12-47 Appendix 12B Impairment of a Receivable Due to a Troubled Debt Restructuring

12-48 When the Receivable is Settled Outright troubled debt restructuring When the original terms of a debt agreement are changed as a result of financial difficulties experienced by the debtor, the new arrangement is referred to as a troubled debt restructuring. Sometimes a troubled debt is settled in full when the debtor transfers to the creditor assets or equities. The creditor usually recognized a loss on the settlement. Such a settlement is not considered unusual or infrequent and is not an extraordinary item.

12-49 When the Receivable is Settled Outright Creditor, Inc. is owed $1,000,000 by Debtor Company. Because of financial difficulties, Debtor Company is unable to pay the $1,000,000 due or the accrued interest of $42,500. Creditor, Inc. agrees to accept a parcel of land with a fair market value of $615,000 in full settlement of the debt and the accrued interest.

12-50 When the Receivable is Continued, But with Modified Terms Creditor, Inc. is owed $1,000,000 by Debtor Company. Because of financial difficulties, Debtor Company is unable to pay the $1,000,000 due or the accrued interest of $42,500. Creditor, Inc. agrees to forgive the accrued interest of $42,500, and reduce the principal amount to $800,000. Interest of $40,000 is due at the end of each year and the principal amount is due in full at the end of five years. Creditor discounts future cash inflows at 6%.

12-51 When the Receivable is Continued, But with Modified Terms The journal entry to record the forgiveness of principal and accrued interest and record the new note is:

12-52 End of Chapter 12