Alexandre Blois Johnathan Kitz Kevin Vanbramer Fernando Alvarez

San Antonio Population: 2,164,286 (Texas Department of Transportation as of 2009). Number of Vehicles: 1,907,225 (Texas Department of Transportation as of 2009). Daily Vehicle Miles: 40,253,765 (Texas Department of Transportation as of 2009). Average Daily Miles/Vehicle: 21.1 Miles/Vehicle.

San Antonio Distance from H 2 Source: miles. ©Google Maps

San Antonio Natural Gas Source: Local Pipelines.

Fueling Stations Needed Given that there are 1,907,225 registered vehicles in San Antonio, and our stations will be open 18 hours every day (6:00am-12:00am) we estimate that we will need around 70 stations.

Transportation of H 2 Pipeline: The cost of an underground pipeline is estimated to be $1000/mm of pipe diameter and $1000/kilometer of pipeline. Liquefied H 2 Truck: According to calculations we have made, it will cost around $6,857.5 per day of transportation if we utilize this method. Gaseous H 2 Truck: According to calculations we have made, it will cost around $4,114.5 per day of transportation if we utilize this method.

Cost of H 2 Transportation Pipeline: $24,000,000 for pipeline life (excluding maintenance) Liquid H 2 : $2,502,987.5 per year Gaseous H 2 : $1,501,792.5 per year

Analysis of Transportation Costs DETERMINING THE LOWEST-COST HYDROGEN DELIVERY MODE Christopher Yang, and Joan Ogden Institute of Transportation Studies Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California, Davis Davis, CA USA

Analysis of Transportation Costs Since our estimated flow rate is of 8.228tonnes per day, the chart above suggests that we transport our hydrogen via gas trucks.

Fuel Dispending Method We are going to maintain the same fuel dispensing methods that AirProducts is currently utilizing.

Fueling Station Design Area of land: 1,800 m 2 Pump dimensions: 2×1×1.75 m (length × width × height) Column height: 7m Roof area: 2,275m 2 Store dimensions: 12×25×3.5 m (length × width × height)

Station Costs Land: $90,000 Shop + Furnishings: $900,000

Cost of H 2 and HCNG H 2 compressor system, 350 bar: $667,749 H 2 storage system, 350 bar: $10,168,071 H 2 dispenser system, 350 bar: $100,000 H 2 compressor system, 700 bar : $898,716 H 2 dispenser system, 700 bar: $720,000 H 2 cooling system, 700 bar: $311,041 CNG compressor, 250 bar: $840,000 CNG storage system, 250 bar: $80,000 HCNG blend system: $30,000 HCNG dispenser: $200,000 Balance of Plant: $210,000

H 2 Storage Considerations We are going to use cascading tanks that help maintain pressure and keep a regulated flow rate.

Hazards of Hydrogen at Fueling Stations Pressure Flammability Asphyxiation Temperature

Pressure/Flammability The hydrogen is compressed to extremely high pressure (up to 10,000 psi) Since there are such high pressures every component must have a pressure release valve Easy to ignite Very low energy necessary to ignite (Static can cause ignition) Hydrogen can ignite when valve is opened Burns with an almost invisible pale blue flame (cannot see during the day) Flammability limits are very large compared to other fuels Flammability range in air is much wider than gasoline or natural gas

Safety Advantages Very high dispersion rate, highly buoyant Greatest safety advantage Very hard to create flammable mixture of hydrogen No toxicity Does not pool

Safety Disadvantages Cannot see or smell hydrogen (cannot detect leaks without equipment) Low ignition energy Wide flammability range Cannot see flames High pressures ~~ Hydrogen has a good safety record and is generally not any more dangerous to work with than other fuels

Energy Source that will Power Fueling Station Sanyo HIT © Power 225A solar panels will provide energy for our stations. Every Panel provides a monthly minimum average of 225W hr of power per panel. Considering if we cover our roof’s area, we can obtain at least 4,870.8 kWhr per station in 1 year. Cost of 1,804 solar panels: $1,923, per station. Since we will not have enough solar energy to run all operations, we will have the remaining energy be provided to us by the local power grid.

Sanyo HIT © Power 225A Solar Panel

Amenities in our Station Our station will be no different than any other station in the world. It will have food, vehicle care and accessories, and a convenience store. sale/gas-station-c-store-for-sale/straight1.JPG

Environmental Impact Considering that our stations can produce around 4.9 MW every year, and that hydrogen fuel has no direct carbon footprint, our station will be more environmentally friendly than any other station. On the other hand, we do not know what forms of energy are utilized to produce the hydrogen, so in all likelihood the overall footprint of the use of hydrogen is similar to fossil fuels. This is due to all the energy that it takes to produce, transport, compress, and store the hydrogen.

Economic Viability It is not economically viable to have a any type of hydrogen fueling station in the world we live in right now. The estimated costs for our fueling station easily surpasses that of the average gas station today. Each station will cost close to $20,000,000. This is including compressions but excluding transportation.

Bibliography A%20web pdf 225A%20web pdf Google Maps Professor Jin’s Cost Estimates presentation A915F34D1CE A915F34D1CE7 Yang, Christopher, and Joan Ogden. DETERMINING THE LOWEST- COST HYDROGEN DELIVERY MODE. Davis: University of California, Davis. PDF. hydrogen.its.ucdavis.edu/classes/HPC- Spr06/lectures/15_Safety_Miller ---.pdf file