Ethics and the DNA Database Presented by: Mick Carling, Police Science and Technology Unit Date: April 2014

Contents Introduction Ethics and the State Effect of DNA Database on Public Safety Genealogical Ethics Mathematical Ethics Genetic Ethics Summary 2

Contents Introduction Ethics and the State Effect of DNA Database on Public Safety Genealogical Ethics Mathematical Ethics Genetic Ethics Summary 6

A Murder Study All people murdered in England and Wales in and (the date of the offence is key) Asked each force, for each murder – what did you do forensically? Was it of use to the senior detective in the case?

Results – DNA, FP and Footwear DNAFingerprintsFootwear Number of murders Evidence collected % % % Profiles/Prints/Marks produced % %9523.6% Evidence contributed % %5212.9%

DNAFingerprints Profile / prints searched on national database % % Database match % % Match contributed in the opinion of the SIO % % Results – Database Searches

DNA in Major Crime Search on DNA Database 238 Homicides 526 rapes in Cold Case Reviews Familial Searching Ipswich Murders Damilola Taylor Rachel Nickell M3 Murder (First Use) Sheffield Shoe Rapist

Contents Introduction Ethics and the State Effect of DNA Database on Public Safety Genealogical Ethics Mathematical Ethics Genetic Ethics Summary 11

What can you never catch with DNA? 12

15 18; 6 9; 11 13; 22 22; ; 14 17; 17 20; 11 12; ; 15 16; M Family Relations and Profiles

Mother 12 18; 5 6; 11 16; 16 22; ; 12 14; 20 23; 12 17; 13 14; 15 15; Child 15 18; 6 9; 11 13; 22 22; ; 14 17; 17 20; 11 12; ; 15 16; Father 14 15; 8 9; 10 13; 22 17; 26 31; 12 17; 17 27; 11 15; ; 16 19; Familial Searching Paternity Tests

Familial Searches Y-str –Latest Profiling Techniques –Inclusion on a database 15

Contents Introduction Ethics and the State Effect of DNA Database on Public Safety Genealogical Ethics Mathematical Ethics Genetic Ethics Summary 16

Random Match Probabilities Probability Distribution Curve. In UK it is said less than 1 in a billion chance of matching a person chosen at random. Peak of Curve SGM+ Random Match Probability 1.2x10^-12 Newer Techniques (Source STR Base) NGM Random Match Probability 1.85x10^-22 Powerplex Random Match Probability 6.58x10^-29 17

One in a million RMP DNAGuiltyInnocentTotal Match156 No Match Total Royal Statistical Society Fundamentals of Probability and Statistical Evidence in Criminal Proceedings Aitken, Roberts and Jackson Gets worse for higher probabilities

Contents Introduction Ethics and the State Effect of DNA Database on Public Safety Genealogical Ethics Mathematical Ethics Genetic Ethics Summary 19

Genomes Retention of Genomes / DNA Samples 1995 Medical Information Protection of Freedoms Act – 7.7 million destroyed by May 2013 Germany, Sweden and Belgium Casework vs Databases 20

Summary Ethics and the State Effect of DNA Database on Public Safety Genealogical Ethics Mathematical Ethics Genetic Ethics 21