Compiler Construction Sohail Aslam Lecture 43 gmu 540 compiler: Bottom-up Parsing

Control Flow Graph - CFG CFG = < V, E, Entry >, where V = vertices or nodes, representing an instruction or basic block (group of statements). E = (V x V) edges, potential flow of control Entry is an element of V, the unique program entry 1 2 3 4 5

Basic Blocks A basic block is a sequence of consecutive statements with single entry/single exit

Basic Blocks Flow of control only enters at the beginning Flow of control only leaves at the end Variants: single entry/multiple exit, multiple entry/single exit

Generating CFGs Partition intermediate code into basic blocks Add edges corresponding to control flow between blocks Unconditional goto Conditional goto – multiple edges No goto at end – control passes to first statement of next block

Generating CFGs Partition intermediate code into basic blocks Add edges corresponding to control flow between blocks Unconditional goto Conditional goto – multiple edges No goto at end – control passes to first statement of next block

Algorithm: Partition into basic blocks Input. sequence of three-address statements Output. A list of basic blocks with each three-address statements in exactly one block This is a note compiler: Bottom-up Parsing

The first statement is a leader Method. 1. Determine the set of leaders – the first statements of basic blocks. The rules are The first statement is a leader Any statement that is the target of a conditional or unconditional goto is a leader Any statement that immediately follows a goto or conditional goto is a leader This is a note compiler: Bottom-up Parsing

Method. 2. For each leader, its basic block consists of the leader and all statements up to but not including the next leader or the end of the program This is a note compiler: Bottom-up Parsing

Example Consider the C fragment for computing dot product aT b of two vectors a and b of length 20 a1 a2 ... a20 b1 = a1b1 + a2b2 b2 +......... . + a20b20 . b20 This is a note compiler: Bottom-up Parsing

Dot Product prod = 0; i = 1; do { prod = prod + a[i]*b[i]; i = i + 1; } while ( i <= 20 ); This is a note compiler: Bottom-up Parsing

Dot Product prod = 0 i = 1 t1 = 4*i /* offset */ t2 = a[t1] /* a[i] */ t4 = b[t3] /* b[i] */ t5 = t2*t4 t6 = prod+t5 prod = t6 t7 = i+1 i = t7 if i <= 20 goto (3) This is a note compiler: Bottom-up Parsing

Dot Product leader prod = 0 i = 1 t1 = 4*i /* offset */ t2 = a[t1] /* a[i] */ t3 = 4*i t4 = b[t3] /* b[i] */ t5 = t2*t4 t6 = prod+t5 prod = t6 t7 = i+1 i = t7 if i <= 20 goto (3) leader This is a note compiler: Bottom-up Parsing

Dot Product B1 prod = 0 i = 1 t1 = 4*i t2 = a[t1] B2 t3 = 4*i t5 = t2*t4 t6 = prod+t5 prod = t6 t7 = i+1 i = t7 if i <= 20 goto (3) B2 This is a note compiler: Bottom-up Parsing

B1 B2 prod = 0 i = 1 t1 = 4*i t2 = a[t1] t3 = 4*i t4 = b[t3] t5 = t2*t4 t6 = prod+t5 prod = t6 t7 = i+1 i = t7 if i <= 20 goto B2 B2 This is a note compiler: Bottom-up Parsing

Quick Sort void quicksort(int m, int n) { int i,j,v,x; if( n <= m ) return; i=m-1; j=n; v=a[n]; while(true) { do i=i+1; while( a[i] < v); do j=j-1; while( a[j] > v); i( i >= j ) break; x=a[i]; a[i]=a[j]; a[j]=x; } x=a[i]; a[i]=a[n]; a[n]=x; quicksort(m,j); quicksort(i+1,n); This is a note compiler: Bottom-up Parsing

Quick Sort void quicksort(int m, int n) { int i,j,v,x; if( n <= m ) return; i=m-1; j=n; v=a[n]; while(true) { do i=i+1; while( a[i] < v); do j=j-1; while( a[j] > v); i( i >= j ) break; x=a[i]; a[i]=a[j]; a[j]=x; } x=a[i]; a[i]=a[n]; a[n]=x; quicksort(m,j); quicksort(i+1,n); This is a note compiler: Bottom-up Parsing

(1) i := m – 1 (16) t7 := 4 * i j := n (17) t8 := 4 * j t1 := 4 * n (18) t9 := a[t8] v := a[t1] (19) a[t7] := t9 i := i + 1 (20) t10 := 4 * j t2 := 4 * i (21) a[t10] := x t3 := a[t2] (22) goto (5) if t3 < v goto (5) (23) t11 := 4 * i j := j - 1 (24) x := a[t11] t4 := 4 * j (25) t12 := 4 * i t5 := a[t4] (26) t13 := 4 * n If t5 > v goto (9) (27) t14 := a[t13] if i >= j goto (23) (28) a[t12] := t14 t6 := 4*i (29) t15 := 4 * n x := a[t6] (30) a[t15] := x

(1) i := m – 1 (16) t7 := 4 * i j := n (17) t8 := 4 * j t1 := 4 * n (18) t9 := a[t8] v := a[t1] (19) a[t7] := t9 i := i + 1 (20) t10 := 4 * j t2 := 4 * i (21) a[t10] := x t3 := a[t2] (22) goto (5) if t3 < v goto (5) (23) t11 := 4 * i j := j - 1 (24) x := a[t11] t4 := 4 * j (25) t12 := 4 * i t5 := a[t4] (26) t13 := 4 * n If t5 > v goto (9) (27) t14 := a[t13] if i >= j goto (23) (28) a[t12] := t14 t6 := 4*i (29) t15 := 4 * n x := a[t6] (30) a[t15] := x

(1) i := m – 1 (16) t7 := 4 * i j := n (17) t8 := 4 * j t1 := 4 * n (18) t9 := a[t8] v := a[t1] (19) a[t7] := t9 i := i + 1 (20) t10 := 4 * j t2 := 4 * i (21) a[t10] := x t3 := a[t2] (22) goto (5) if t3 < v goto (5) (23) t11 := 4 * i j := j - 1 (24) x := a[t11] t4 := 4 * j (25) t12 := 4 * i t5 := a[t4] (26) t13 := 4 * n If t5 > v goto (9) (27) t14 := a[t13] if i >= j goto (23) (28) a[t12] := t14 t6 := 4*i (29) t15 := 4 * n x := a[t6] (30) a[t15] := x

B1 B5 B2 B6 B3 B4 i = m-1 t11 = 4*i j = n x = a[t11] t1 = 4*n v = a[t1] t11 = 4*i x = a[t11] t12 = 4*i t13 = 4*n t14 = a[t13] a[t12] = t14 t15 = 4*n a[t15] = x B2 i = i+1 t2 = 4*i t3 = a[t2] if t3 < v goto B2 B6 B3 t6 = 4*i x = a[t6] t7 = 4*i t8 = 4*j t9 = a[t8] a[t7] = t9 t10 = 4*j a[t10] = x goto B2 j = j-1 t4 = 4*j t5 = a[t4] if t5 > v goto B3 This is a note B4 if i >= j goto B6 compiler: Bottom-up Parsing

Basic Block Code Generation Algorithms: Basic - using liveness information Using DAGS - node numbering Register Allocation

Basic Code Generation Deal with each basic block individually. Generate code for the block using liveness information. At end, generate code that saves any live values left in registers.

Basic Code Generation Deal with each basic block individually. Generate code for the block using liveness information. At end, generate code that saves any live values left in registers.

Basic Code Generation Deal with each basic block individually. Generate code for the block using liveness information. At end, generate code that saves any live values left in registers.

Computing Live/Next Use Information For the statement: x = y + z x has a next use if there is a statement s that references x and there is some way for control to flow from the original statement to s.

Computing Live/Next Use Information x = y + z ...... s t1 = x – t3 next use

Computing Live/Next Use Information A variable is live at a given point in time if it has a next use. Liveness tells us whether we care about the value held by a variable.

Computing Live/Next Use Information x = y + z ...... s t1 = x – t3 live!

Computing live status Input: A basic block. Output: For each statement, set of live variables

Method: 1. Initially all non-temporary variables go into live set. 2. for i = last statement to first statement: for statement i: x = y op z attach to statement i, current live set. remove x from set. add y and z to set.