Diverse Children: Race, Ethnicity, and Immigration in America’s New Non-Majority Generation by Donald J. Hernandez, Ph.D. Hunter College, City University of New York Congressional Briefing: Children of Immigrants and Improving Outcomes for America’s New Non-Majority Child Population Sponsored by Representative Judy Chu, the Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus, the Congressional Hispanic Caucus, and the Congressional Black Caucus in cooperation with The Foundation for Child Development & First Focus

Slide 2. Introduction First-ever report for U.S. comparing well-being … for children with immigrant parents … to children with U.S.-born parents, … for White, Hispanic, Black, and Asian children 19 indicators focused on: * Educational attainments * Health * Family economic resources * Demographics

Slide 3. Diversity among U.S. Children A majority of births are to non-White mothers 25% of all children have at least one immigrant parent 94% of children with immigrant parents, have origins in Latin America, Asia, Africa, or the Caribbean 89% of children with immigrant parents are U.S. citizens By 2018 a majority of children will belong to non-White minority groups

Slide 4. Data Sources for 19 Indicators National Assessment of Educational Progress Current Population Survey (micro data) National Health Interview Survey (micro data) National Vital Statistics System (micro data)

Slide 5. Children of Immigrants as a Percentage of Four Race-Ethnic Groups 8% of Whites (1-in-12) 14% of Blacks (1-in-7) 59% of Hispanics (Nearly 6-in-10) 87% of Asians (Nearly 9-in-10)

Slide 6 Percent Not Proficient in Reading, U.S. 4 th Grade Students: 2011 Source: Hernandez and Napierala (2013)

Slide 7. Percent Not Proficient in Mathematics, U.S. 4 th Grade Students: 2011 Source: Hernandez and Napierala (2013)

Slide 8. Percent Enrolled in PreKindergarten, U.S. Children Ages 3-4: 2010 Source: Hernandez and Napierala (2013)

Slide 9. Percent with Secure Parental Employment, U.S. Children: 2010 Source: Hernandez and Napierala (2013)

Slide 10. Percent in One-Parent Families, U.S. Children: 2010 Source: Hernandez and Napierala (2013)

Slide 11. Percent with Low Birthweight, U.S. Births: 2009 Source: Hernandez and Napierala (2013)

Slide 12. Infant Mortality Rate, Deaths under Age 1, per 1,000 Births, U.S.: 2007 Source: Hernandez and Napierala (2013)

Slide 13. Child Mortality Rate, Deaths to Children Ages 1-19 per 100,000: 2009 Source: Hernandez and Napierala (2013)

Slide 14. Percent Not Covered by Health Insurance, U.S. Children: 2010 Source: Hernandez and Napierala (2013)

Slide 15. Percent in Poverty, U.S. Children: 2010 Source: Hernandez and Napierala (2013)

Slide 16. Percent in Poverty or Near-Poverty, U.S. Children: 2010 Source: Hernandez and Napierala (2013)

Slide 17. Conclusions Children of immigrants more often have two-parent families, a securely employed parent, and healthy birth outcomes. But they have lower rates of enrollment in PreKindergarten and health insurance. For all groups, poverty it too high, reading and math proficiency are too low, PreKindergarten enrollment is too low, and health insurance coverage is too low. Hispanic and Black children fare especially poorly on poverty, secure parental employment, education, and later health. Additional investments are needed in all children, especially children of immigrants and Hispanic and Black children.

Diverse Children: Race, Ethnicity, and Immigration in America’s New Non-Majority Generation by Donald J. Hernandez, Ph.D. Hunter College, City University of New York Congressional Briefing: Children of Immigrants and Improving Outcomes for America’s New Non-Majority Child Population Sponsored by Representative Judy Chu, the Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus, the Congressional Hispanic Caucus, and the Congressional Black Caucus in cooperation with The Foundation for Child Development & First Focus