Jeffrey Walker Factors Affecting the Detection of a Soil Moisture Signal in Field Relative Gravity Measurements 1 Adam Smith, 1 Jeffrey Walker, 1 Andrew Western, 1 Kevin Ellett, 1 Rodger Grayson, and 2 Matthew Rodell 1.Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Melbourne, Australia 2. Hydrological Sciences Branch, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, USA Western Pacific AGU Geophysics Meeting, Hawaii August 2004
Adam Smith Why detect soil moisture changes with gravity? Has not yet been demonstrated To give a “low effort” integrated measure of change in terrestrial water storage (deep soil moisture and groundwater) To improve model prediction (via assimilation) of root zone soil moisture To aid the development of methods to utilise GRACE gravity data Measured in Gal; 1 µ Gal ~ 2.5 cm water OR 2%v/v soil moisture over a 2.5m deep layer
Adam Smith Why relative gravity measurements? Absolute gravimeters measure gravity by dropping a corner cube Cons –Expensive (~ US$300,000) –Difficult transportation (dedicated van) –Long station occupancy (~ 1/2 day) –Field meters have low accuracy (~ 10 µ Gal) FG5A10FG5-L 2 µ Gal 50 µ Gal 10 µ Gal
Adam Smith Why relative gravity measurements? Relative gravimeters measure gravity by levitating a sphere in a magnetic field, or spring extension Pros –Cheap (relatively!) (~ US$50,000) –Easier transportation (though still an issue...) –Shorter station occupancy (~1 hour) –Field meters have high accuracy (~ 3 µ Gal) SGCG-3MG 0.01 µ Gal3 µ Gal
Adam Smith Site locations
Adam Smith Typical soil moisture site
Adam Smith Factors affecting relative gravity readings Mechanical –Drift ~40 µ Gal/day 392 µ Gal/day linear drift already removed
Adam Smith Factors affecting relative gravity readings Mechanical –Drift –Post-transport stabilisation Stabilisation ~25 µ Gal 1.5 hr
Adam Smith Factors affecting relative gravity readings Mechanical –Drift –Post-transport stabilisation –Internal temperature
Adam Smith Factors affecting relative gravity readings Mechanical Geodynamical –Solid earth tides uncorrected corrected ~100 µ Gal
Adam Smith Factors affecting relative gravity readings Mechanical Geodynamical –Solid earth tides –Ocean loading 20min moving average drift removed
Adam Smith Factors affecting relative gravity readings Mechanical Geodynamical –Solid earth tides –Ocean loading –Earthquakes
Adam Smith Factors affecting relative gravity readings Mechanical Geodynamical Environmental –Meteorological: atmospheric pressure ~ 0.3 µ Gal / mbar
Adam Smith Factors affecting relative gravity readings Mechanical Geodynamical Environmental –Meteorological: atmospheric pressure air temperature wind speed radiant heating
Adam Smith Factors affecting relative gravity readings Mechanical Geodynamical Environmental –Hydrological: streamflow groundwater and soil moisture
Adam Smith Factors affecting relative gravity readings Mechanical Geodynamical Environmental Anthropogenic –Non-systematic mass distribution –Vibrations –Repositioning of gravimeter (1µ Gal/ 3mm elevation)
Adam Smith Anthropogenic factors post transport stabilisation linear drift
Adam Smith Anthropogenic factors car moved right beside meter linear drift
Adam Smith Anthropogenic factors car moved away linear drift
Adam Smith Anthropogenic factors car engine started and left running linear drift
Adam Smith Anthropogenic factors car parked at twice typical distance linear drift
Adam Smith Anthropogenic factors a/c, radio and engine turned off linear drift
Adam Smith Anthropogenic factors enclosure gate opened linear drift
Adam Smith Anthropogenic factors enclosure gate closed linear drift
Adam Smith Anthropogenic factors stopped, relevelled and restarted meter linear drift
Adam Smith Anthropogenic factors tractor drove by & 19 cattle walked up linear drift
Adam Smith Anthropogenic factors removed and repositioned meter linear drift
Adam Smith Conclusions: insignificant factors Gravimeter internal temperature Earthquakes (at least in Australia) Air temperature Wind speed & direction Non-systematic mass distribution Low frequency vibrations
Adam Smith Conclusions: significant factors Gravimeter drift –Tie to bedrock & repeat sites during survey day Superconducting Gravimeter Bedrock Site
Adam Smith Conclusions: significant factors Gravimeter drift Post-transport stabilisation of gravimeter –Take measurement every 2.5 minutes for more than one hour at each site
Adam Smith Conclusions: significant factors Gravimeter drift Post-transport stabilisation of gravimeter Earth tides & ocean loading –Difference field gravity measurements from superconducting gravimeter measurements
Adam Smith Conclusions: significant factors Gravimeter drift Post-transport stabilisation of gravimeter Earth tides & ocean loading Atmospheric pressure –Measure with handheld barometer and correct gravity to standard atmosphere
Adam Smith Conclusions: significant factors Gravimeter drift Post-transport stabilisation of gravimeter Earth tides & ocean loading Atmospheric pressure Levelling –Stable reference point; periodically optically level
Acknowledgements: This research was funded by an Australian Research Council Discovery Grant DP