& the Advent of the Scientific Method ASTRONOMY. ASTRO DAY 1.

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Presentation transcript:

& the Advent of the Scientific Method ASTRONOMY

ASTRO DAY 1

ASTRONOMY – SCIENTIFIC* STUDY OF SPACE Observations and explanations of celestial bodies, universe geography, movement, formation, energy… Includes cosmology, the study of the origin of and the behavior of the universe. * Not to be confused with Astrology a pseudoscience that uses celestial positions to predict events on Earth

Ancient Peoples Studied the Skies Built physical calendars - need to know the time of the year for planting & harvesting Community cultural centers - pagan celebrations of the solstices South America EuropeAsia North America

They Observed, and Inferred Scientific observatory (Incan) Mythical explanation (Mayan)

Observation 1= Sun, Moon, Stars in Motion

ASTRONOMY & WESTERN THOUGHT Observed: stars/moon/sun in motion but no evident Earth motion Inferred: geocentric universe- all object revolve in perfect circles around Earth Why circles?-the perfect geometric shape No experimentation; Aristotle's reasoned explanation was enough Aristotle BC

WanderingStars Pose a Challenge Mars in Gemini December Mars in Leo July Planets Move Independent of Constellations Planet= wanderer in Latin

Wanderers Change Course Retrograde motion Planets Appear to move backwards (Retro) and then forward again What might cause this?

New Observations Dictate a New Hypothesis Ptolomy creates epicycles- orbits on orbits - to explain retrograde motion Many tries but cant make epicycles work (80+!) Still, a lasting hypothesis nimations/ptolemaic.swf Ptolomy 140 AD

ASTRO DAY2

Need a New Hypothesis Unable to make epicycles work also Instead: Proposes the universe is heliocentric (sun centered); orbits are still perfect circles Waited until old age to publish, and then in Italian, not Latin why? Copernicus AD

Copernicus -no evidence it just made sense Its an optical illusion - the planets simply move at different speeds like passing a slower car on the freeway: it appears to go backwards Possible Explanation to Retrograde

The Advent Of Empiricism Used a telescope to generate evidence in support of heliocentric model 1. Discovered Jupiter had moons 2. Phases of Venus make clear Venus orbits the sun Gailileo Galilei Venus phases diagram and animation

Data Makes The Difference Tycho Brahe Johannes Kepler Inferred the movement of the planetary orbits & made 3 laws Couldnt make sense of it 35 yrs of detailed data on planet positions Inherited and analyzed the data Video summary

Keplers 1 st Law of Planetary Motion: ovalness = eccentricity The planets orbits are ellipses with the sun at one of two foci

Keplers 2nd Law of Planetary Motion Planet must go faster when closer to sun and slower when farther from sun Almost worked out gravity! The planets sweep out equal areas in equal time

Keplers 3rd Law of Planetary Motion p 2 =d 3 p = period in years d = distance in astronomical units (AU) 1AU = distance between sun and Earth (150,000,000km) boojum.as.arizona.edu