Lección 9 Paquita y Sara

Pluperfect of Subjunctive  Has the same communicative function as the pluperfect indicative to refer to an action occurring before another past action. However the pluperfect subjunctive is used in subordinate clauses that express attitude, feeling, doubt, wishes, and emotions.

Pluperfect of Subjunctive  Form the pluperfect of subjunctive using imperfect subjunctive form of haber + past participle HubieraHubieras Hubiera+hablado HubierámosHubieran

Pluperfect Indicative + Subjunctive  Indicative  Dijo que el guardia había gritado al criminal  He said that the guard had yelled at the criminal  Subjunctive  Deseaba que el guardia no hubiera gritado al criminal  He wished that the guard had not yelled at the criminal

Uses of se  The impersonal se to express “people, one, we, you, they”  These expressions are equivalent to English sentences that have impersonal subjects such as people, one, you, we, and they when used with 3 rd person singular form of a verb (Se dice que un hombre no sabe callar es un tonto = they/people say that a man who doesn’t know how to keep silent is a fool)  However the 3 rd person plural of the verb may be used alone to express these impersonal subjects

Uses of se  The passive se  Se may be used with the 3 rd person singular/plural of a verb as a substitute for the passive voice in which the person who does the action is not mentioned (Se vende comida en las calles = food is sold on the streets)  When the statement refers to a specific person the verb that follows se is in the 3 rd person singular and the personal a is used (se acepta Juan porque ha dejado de mentir = Juan is being accepted because he stopped lying)

Indefinite and Negative Expressions  Afirmativo  Algo (something)  Alguien(someone)  Algún (any/some)  Siempre (always)  También (also)  O…o (either…or)  Negativo  Nada (nothing)  Nadie (nobody)  Ningún (none)  Nunca (never)  Tampoco (neither)  Ni…ni (neither…nor)

Indefinite and Negative Expressions  The adverb “no” can be used with a second negative expression to form a double negative. “No” must precede the verb and the negative expression should immediately follow the verb or be placed at the end of the sentence (no apuesto nunca = I never bet)  When the negative expression precedes the verb “no” is omitted (nunca apuesto)

Indefinite and Negative Expressions  Because nadie and alguien refer only to people, the impersonal a is required when they appear as direct objects of the verb (no, no se arrestó a nadie)  Alguno and ninguno drop the –o before a masculine singular noun (algun perro)  In a negative sentence, all indefinite words are negative (El policía no interroga a nadie tampoco)