Unique Characteristics of Hydraulically Expanded Long Seam Pipe Jason Norris Dura-Bond Pipe, LLC Steelton, PA Dura-Bond Pipe, LLC March 22, 2010

Content Introduction Mill Configuration Topic Background Information Discussion Topic Conclusion March 22, 2010 Dura-Bond Pipe, LLC

Introduction Dura-Bond Pipe, LLC was founded in 2003 Purchased former Bethlehem Steel Corp., Steelton, PA UOE Mill facilities on the location of Dura-Bond’s Fusion Bond Coating Plant. Completely refurbished the forming, welding and finishing equipment. Extensively modified welders. Installed laser controlled seam tracking on the ID welders. Upgraded Ultrasonic Equipment and Radiographic Equipment Installed a complete destructive testing laboratory and sample preparation machine shop Achieved API Q1 licensure October 2004 Produced over 240,000 Tons 2006 through 2009 March 22, 2010 Dura-Bond Pipe, LLC

Mill Configuration Manufacturing Process Forming and Welding Equipment UOE Double Submerged Arc Welded Long Seam Pipe Forming and Welding Equipment Double Sided Single Pass Planer End Planer Long Seam Double Sided Edge Crimper U press – 7,000 tons O press – 20,000 Tons ID/OD Welders 3 - ID Berkeley Welder 2-Wire Continuous Feed Machines Lincoln Power-Wave Welder System Laser guided wire feeder heads 3 - OD AC/AC 2- Wire Continuous Feed Welder Longitudinal seam welding is a “Continuous Welding System” and does not require tacking and run-on or run-off tabs. March 22, 2010 Dura-Bond Pipe, LLC

Mill Configuration Finishing Equipment Hydraulic Expansion and Hydrostatic Testing 5,000 psi capacity Double Ended End Beveling Machine Hydraulic Expansion is the point of today’s discussion March 22, 2010 Dura-Bond Pipe, LLC

Evaluation Systems NDT Weld seam 100% Fluoroscopic inspection prior to expansion Ultrasonic Inspection Long seam system is an 11 channel machine with 7 probes and provides 100% inspection of the weld Considering replacement with phased array system in 2011 Pipe Body UT system has 4 wheel probes with a 4 channel transducer array in each wheel which provides helical inspection of 100% of the pipe surface. Weld Radiographic X-ray of pipe ends with up to 17” of film Capable of 100% long seam weld x-ray March 22, 2010 Dura-Bond Pipe, LLC

Evaluation Systems Destructive Testing Lab Tensile Testing Charpy Testing Drop Weight Tear Testing Vickers and Rockwell Hardness Testing Machining facilities for sample preparation Spectrographic analysis is performed off-site March 22, 2010 Dura-Bond Pipe, LLC

Product Capability Size and Grade Capability Low Strength pipe A252, API 5LB, API 5L X42 24” OD to 42” OD thickness to 1.000” High Strength Pipe 24” OD to 42” OD API 5L X52 – thickness to 0.850” API 5L X60 – thickness to 0.825” API 5L X65 – thickness to 0.800” API 5L X70 – thickness to 0.775” API 5L X80 – thickness to 0.750” Wall thicknesses beyond listed max may be considered. March 22, 2010 Dura-Bond Pipe, LLC

Project Participation Energy Transfer, 42” & 36” X70 Exco Energy/Regency Gas, 36” X70 Dominion 30” & 36” X70 Northern Natural Gas 30” & 36” X70 El Paso Energy 30” X70 Kern River Gas Transmission 36 “ X70 & X65 Colonial Pipeline 30” X52 Texas Gas 26” & 30” X70 Williams Gas 42” X70 March 22, 2010 Dura-Bond Pipe, LLC

Topic Background Energy needs for North America have been increasing over the past 10 years Many new pipeline projects, primarily natural gas, have been built especially in the past 3-4 years Economics of gas transportation have resulted in a desire for increased operating pressures of natural gas lines. The increased operating pressure goal has resulted in more stringent requirements being placed on the pipeline builders by regulators to assure pipeline safety. Field hydrostatic testing of in-service pipelines can determine if the line can operate at increased pressures. After field hydrostatic testing , an inspection pig can be run through the line to determine if deformation (bulging) took place as a result of the test. If too much deformation has occurred, the situation must be addressed by the operator before approval is granted to operate at a higher pressure. March 22, 2010 Dura-Bond Pipe, LLC

Topic Background It has been reported that in the process of field testing of pipe, that pipe with lower than expected yield strength has been discovered. The Question is … How can the owner be sure of the yield strength of every foot of pipe in the line? Plate/coil mills and pipe mills utilize the required sample testing methodology to ascertain compliance with the production specification standard (API 5L). March 22, 2010 Dura-Bond Pipe, LLC

Discussion Topic The problem of deformed pipe being discovered after field hydrostatic testing revolves around strength issues. API 5L strength testing is a single random tensile test per 50 or 100 pipe test unit (lot) size. A tensile test unit requires 1 test per 100 pipes in the test unit. Typically a test unit is a “Heat” if it meets the test unit criteria. Other API 5L required tests have different test unit sizes i.e. weld tensile, guided bend, weld charpy etc. March 22, 2010 Dura-Bond Pipe, LLC

Discussion Topic The result of tensile test unit sampling is a statistical representation of skelp and pipe results assuming that the processing of the skelp for pipe applications has good process control and the changes in properties from forming are considered. However, statistically, it is possible that pipe with lower yield strength could “slip” through the system undetected. This possible “slip” could result from a low tensile testing sample frequency of 1-4% depending on test unit size. Is there a way to detect such an event in production without destructive testing? March 22, 2010 Dura-Bond Pipe, LLC

Discussion Topic All JCO and UO long seam mills have expansion capabilities for dimensional control. The two types of expansion methods are: Hydraulic expansion – pressurized water is used to expand the entire pipe length at once. A set of sizing clamps contains the pipe during the expansion process and helps give the finished pipe its dimensional properties. Mechanical expansion – uses mechanical “shoes” to expand the pipe. The sizing mandrel expands the pipe incrementally along the length. March 22, 2010 Dura-Bond Pipe, LLC

Discussion Topic Mechanical Expansion Hydraulic Expansion March 22, 2010 Dura-Bond Pipe, LLC

Expansion March 22, 2010 Dura-Bond Pipe, LLC

Expansion Video March 22, 2010 Dura-Bond Pipe, LLC

Discussion Topic For hydraulic expansion, the pressure system is set up based on the product’s specified minimum yield strength, the diameter and wall thickness. A unique characteristic of hydraulic expansion is that to fulfill the pressure requirement in this single step process (versus other multi-step systems), the yielding behavior of the entire pipe is monitored with a graphic recording display. This cannot be replicated with a multi-step expansion process. March 22, 2010 Dura-Bond Pipe, LLC

Expander Charts March 22, 2010 Dura-Bond Pipe, LLC

Discussion Topic What hydraulic expansion means to customer confidence is that the yielding behavior (yield stress) of EVERY pipe can be seen, recorded and documented. This means that every pipe has a “tensile test” and graphic records can show variations in yield strength from pipe to pipe. March 22, 2010 Dura-Bond Pipe, LLC

Discussion Topic If a pipe yields lower than the minimum or higher than the maximum values allowed, it can be detected at the hydraulic expander. An added benefit is that data from expansion records can be used to reveal the Bauschinger Effect on the end product. March 22, 2010 Dura-Bond Pipe, LLC

Setting Up Test Pipe March 22, 2010 Dura-Bond Pipe, LLC

Expander Graphic Normal and Low Yield March 22, 2010 Dura-Bond Pipe, LLC

Other Characteristics Dimension and Shape Properly installed and maintained expander dies make exceptionally straight pipe with uniform dimensions along the length of each pipe segment. Possible field cuts along the pipe length will offer excellent fit to mill finished ends. Uniform dimensions and shape provide efficient and productive double jointing and fusion bond coating processes. March 22, 2010 Dura-Bond Pipe, LLC

Conclusion Hydraulic expansion shows the yielding behavior of every pipe expanded. Strength variations from pipe to pipe can be seen in the hydraulic expander process. In a sense, every pipe has a “tensile test” performed and documented. Bauschinger Effect can be evaluated for different chemical compositions and skelp/plate rolling practices. March 22, 2010 Dura-Bond Pipe, LLC

Conclusion More work needs to be done to study expander yielding behavior and actual pipe strengths to develop correlations. Potentially, hydraulically expanded pipe can act as a screening mechanism for low strength pipe. March 22, 2010 Dura-Bond Pipe, LLC

Thank you for your attention. March 22, 2010 Dura-Bond Pipe, LLC