Layered Curriculum You are now in charge! Unit 4 Geography and Economics of Europe, Latin America, Canada, and Australia Layered Curriculum You are now in charge!

Layered Curriculum Analogy with Food Web Apex Predator Academic Predator Completion of this tier equals a grade of 95 - 100 The creation of your Own Business Plan through receiving a grant, but you must decide based on the country's economic system where it will be placed and how the factors of production within that country will effect your business. see the rubric Date completed: __________ Completion of this tier equals a grade of 85 Step Four: Bar Graphs with Factors of Production presence or absence within the countries of UK, Germany, Cuba, Brazil, Canada, and Australia with an explanation. Date completed ________ Step Five: Protective Trade Barriers and their use Date completed _________ Step Six: Why do countries need a system for exchanging currencies for international trade? Date Completed _______ Completion of this tier equals a grade of 75 Step One: Label the Physical and Political Features for Latin America, Australia and Canada Date completed: LA________ C ________ A _______ Take the Map Quiz: Grade _____ Grade _____ Grade _____ Step Two: Complete the Pocket Organizer Types of Economic Systems and Mixed Economic Continuum with country explanation Date completed: _______ Step Three: Complete the Pocket Organizer over Factors of Production that cause economic growth within a country Date completed: _________ Take Quiz: __________

Theme: Location A society’s location will affect its economy, culture, and development. So what is “development”?

List on your paper numbers 1-9 Based on your prior knowledge of these regions and continents which do you think will have lower development/infrastructure, lower GDPs and lower standards of living and why? (As you research see if your predictions are True or False.

Exploring the World’s Geography

Student One Economy Answers: Student Two Culture Answers: Closing Question How can the location of a country affect its economy, culture, and development? Student Three development Answers:

What are the regions that make up Latin America? Central America

Don’t forget the Country of Mexico

Geography of Latin America Standard SS6G1 Now it is time for you to complete your Latin America Map The student will locate selected features of Latin America and the Caribbean. a. Locate on a world and regional political-physical map: Amazon River Caribbean Sea Gulf of Mexico Pacific Ocean Panama Canal Andes Mountains Sierra Madre Mountains and Atacama Desert. b. Locate on a world and regional political-physical map the countries of Bolivia Brazil Colombia Cuba Haiti Mexico Panama and Venezuela.

Sierra Madre Mountains No gas stations, restaurants, or hospitals HMM! Economy? Watch your fuel levels is in purple writing

The Caribbean Notice where we are in relative location…

How does the Panama Canal help with trade?

Panama Canal Panama Canal Video

Panama Canal: it is a man-made waterway

Panama Canal

Label this on your map

Complete the map of Latin America Today Come Practice with a partner

Closing Question Student 1 answers Student 2 answers A physical trade barrier is a landform that will stop or make trade near impossible. According to today’s technology What physical features will act as a physical trade barrier within Mexico, South America, and the Caribbean? Student 1 answers Student 2 answers

Canada oh! Canada!

Canada SS6G5 The student will locate selected features of Canada. Locate on a world and regional political-physical map: the St. Lawrence River Hudson Bay Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean the Great Lakes Canadian Shield and Rocky Mountains. Now it is your turn to label your map of Canada. Remember that you must study these physical feature and take a quiz over them as soon as you are ready to move on to the next task.

When you have finished Come and practice

Closing Question Student 1 answers Student 2 answers A physical trade barrier is a landform that will stop or make trade near impossible. According to today’s technology What physical features will act as a physical trade barrier within Canada? Student 1 answers Student 2 answers

Australia Just to review write down any prior knowledge you may have about Australia Which European Empire colonized the continent, eventually creating the country? Who were the first colonists in Australia? What was the name of the people who are native to Australia, not colonists? What types of government do they have?

Australia

Australia Geography SS6G12 The student will be able to locate selected features of Australia. Locate on a world and regional political-physical map: the Great Barrier Reef Coral Sea Ayers Rock and Great Victoria Desert Now it is your turn to label your map of Australia. Remember that you must study these physical feature and take a quiz over them as soon as you are ready to move on to the next task.

Closing A physical trade barrier is a landform that will stop or make trade near impossible. According to today’s technology What physical features will act as a physical trade barrier within Australia? Student 1 answers Student 2 answers

Standards SS6E1, SS6E2, SS6E3, SS6E5, SS6E6, SS6E7 ECONOMY VOCABULARY Standards SS6E1, SS6E2, SS6E3, SS6E5, SS6E6, SS6E7

Economy the production, consumption, and distribution of goods and services

Private vs. Public Businesses Private means it is owned by citizens Public means it is owned by the government “What a funny little government” Political Cartoon: by Horace Taylor in 1899 John D. Rockefeller holding the White House and Treasury Department in his palm the power of the Standard Oil empire, which controlled 90 percent of the refining business in the late 19th century. Rockefeller reaped huge profits by paying his employees extremely low wages and driving his competitors out of business by selling his oil at a lower price than it cost to produce it. Is some government regulation necessary? A set minimum wage for employees Not allowing a monopoly on business

Traditional Economy An economy where people use the same work methods and tools generation after generation. Citizens do not have enough goods to have a surplus (more than they need), so they cannot earn extra money to buy better equipment. Without better equipment, they continue to work in the same way, never changing their methods.

Command Economy Puppet on a string! An economy where the government owns the country’s resources and businesses. The government decides what goods should be produced and what services will be available. Seriously limits citizen’s choices of jobs, goods, and services. Government decides wages (how much you earn for doing a job)

Market Economy An economy where private citizens or groups of citizens own businesses. Citizens are free to develop many different types of businesses, so people have a wide variety of jobs, goods, and services Because people in a market economy are free to choose how to make and spend their money Citizens are paid based off of the private businesses value of their service

Mixed Economy A mix of different economic systems Some businesses are government owned and others are privately owned by citizens Private businesses determine wages, but the government will set a minimum wage to protect its citizens.

Obertobia Video over Economic Systems and Economic Continuum United States 75.5 Pure Market Pure Command 100

Closing What is the difference between a Market Economy, Traditional Economy, and Command Economy? Student One: Market Student Two: Traditional Student Three: Command

Economics How many basic types of economic systems are there? Name the economic systems. Which economic system do most textbooks say is the most common throughout the world?

Economics How many basic types of economic systems are there? 3 Name the economic systems. Traditional, Command, Market Which economic system do most textbooks say is the most common throughout the world? Mixed. The GCEE states that mixed is not an economic system but rather a blending of two different types of systems.

Economic Freedom World Map

Europe

So which country would you choose to place a business in?

What can you say about this region?

The United States use to be ranked 80-100 Free

What does this economic freedom index number tell us about a country? Economic freedom is the condition in which individuals can act with maximum autonomy and minimum obstruction in the pursuit of their economic livelihood and greater prosperity. Any discussion of economic freedom has at its heart reflection on the critical relationship between individuals and the government.

Economic Freedom For presentational clarity, the 10 economic freedoms are grouped into four broad categories: Rule of law (property rights, freedom from corruption); Government size (fiscal freedom, government spending); Regulatory efficiency (business freedom, labor freedom, monetary freedom); and Market openness (trade freedom, investment freedom, financial freedom). Click this link to read more of a description of each of the broad categories.

Economic Systems Pure Command Pure Market Mixed Economy

100 Economic Systems United Kingdom 74.9% Germany 73.9% Russia 51.9% United States 75.5% Data based on 2013 Russia 51.9% 6th Grade- This information is meant to be used in conjunction with the 6th and 7th grade Teacher Notes. For additional resources, go to GeorgiaStandards.org. (Note: This is not an expectation for students to memorize numbers, but to understand that factors that influence specific countries to move more towards a command or market economy). The numbering system is based on The Heritage Foundation’s Economic Freedom Index 2009 The Heritage Foundation is a conservative organization that has partnered with the Wall Street Journal for over a decade to evaluate each country based on a set of 10 criteria to determine economic freedom. Update information using resources listed in the Teacher Notes. 100 Pure Command Pure Market Mixed Economy

Russia’s Economy Today Historically: Russia’s economy has undergone significant changes since the collapse of the Soviet Union, moving from globally-isolated, centrally planned economy to a more market-based and globally integrated economy.

Russia became the world’s leading oil producer, surpassing Saudi Arabia; Russia is the second largest producer of natural gas, the second-largest coal reserves, and the eighth-largest crude oil reserves. Russia is a top exporter of metals such as steel and primary aluminum. Russia was hit hard by the global 2008 & 2009 crisis. Russia’s Economy

Russia’s Economy Today Russia’s long term challenges also include a shrinking workforce, rampant corruption, and underinvestment in infrastructure Economic reforms of the 1990s privatized most industry except: Energy and Defense-related sectors The protection of property rights is still weak and the private sector still remains subject to heavy state interference.

Germany’s Economy The fifth largest economy in the world Leading exporter of machinery, vehicles, chemicals, and household equipment Highly skilled labor force Chronically high unemployment and low average growth rate Due to 2008-2009 global recession there was not a demand for German exports from surrounding countries

The United Kingdom Economy Today A leading trading center and financial center, is the second largest economy in Europe after Germany. The government has greatly reduced public ownership and contained the growth of social welfare programs. Agriculture is highly mechanized and efficient producing 60% of food needs with less than 2% of the population. UK has large coal, natural gas, and oil resources, but its oil and natural gas reserves are declining. It is now a net importer of energy resources.

United Kingdom Economy Today Largest proportions of GDP are from services: Banking Insurance Business services Industry is continuing to decline in importance. The UK was hit particularly hard by the 2008 global financial crisis: Sharply declining home prices, high consumer debt, and this pushed the UK into recession.

The United Kingdom, continued The United Kingdom put into place several measures to stimulate the economy and stabilize the financial sectors: Nationalizing part of the banking system Temporarily cutting taxes Suspending public sector borrowing rules Moving forward public spending of capital projects Still weak consumer spending and subdued business investment weighed on the economy

100 Economic Systems Canada 80.2% Brazil 56.9% Cuba 28.7% Pure Market United States 75.5% Brazil 56.9% Data based on 2013 Cuba 28.7% 6th Grade- This information is meant to be used in conjunction with the 6th and 7th grade Teacher Notes. For additional resources, go to GeorgiaStandards.org. (Note: This is not an expectation for students to memorize numbers, but to understand that factors that influence specific countries to move more towards a command or market economy). The numbering system is based on The Heritage Foundation’s Economic Freedom Index 2009 The Heritage Foundation is a conservative organization that has partnered with the Wall Street Journal for over a decade to evaluate each country based on a set of 10 criteria to determine economic freedom. Update information using resources listed in the Teacher Notes. 100 Pure Command Pure Market Mixed Economy

Cuba’s Economy Today Economic Freedom Index Score 28.7 The government continues to balance the its socialist economic system against a desire for firm political control. April 2011 the government held the first Cuban Party Congress in which leaders approved a plan for wide-range economic changes. Expanded opportunities for self-employment (entrepreneurship) Introduced limited reforms to help with serious shortages of food, consumer goods, services, and housing The average standard of living for Cubans still is lower than before the 1990s (loss of Soviet Union aid and domestic inefficiencies) Venezuela has been providing Cuba with oil (100,000 barrels per day) in return for Cuban medical personnel (30,000)

Brazil’s Economy Today Economic Freedom Index Score 56.9 Characterized by a large and well-developed agricultural, mining, manufacturing, and service sectors, Brazil’s economy outweighs that o all other South American countries, and Brazil is expanding its presence in world markets. The 2008-2009 global financial crisis affected its economy with a two year recession; however in 2010 Brazil’s economy began to recovery. GDP growth rate 7.5%, the highest in the last 25 years Unemployment is at historic lows High levels of income inequality has declined over the last 14 years Brazil historic high interests rates have made it an attractive destination for foreign investors (high interests rates on money loaned out)

Oh Canada! Economy Today Economic Freedom Index Score 80.2 High-tech industrial society, resembling the US in its market – oriented economic system High Standard of Living Highly skilled labor force Since WWII impressive growth of the mining, manufacturing, and service sectors has brought Canada into an urban (city) industrial society instead of rural. Canada's major banks emerged from the financial crisis of 2008-2009 among the strongest in the world. The World and Its People, p. 162, The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2005 Government involvement in the economy.

Oh Canada! Economy Today Economic Freedom Index Score 80.2 Canada joined the US-Canada Free Trade agreement in 1989 and in 1994 the North American Free Trade Agreement, including Mexico. Dramatic increase in trade (US is its principal trading partner) US absorbs ¾ of Canada’s exports each year Canada is the US’s largest supplier of energy, including oil, gas, uranium, and electric power Canada has discovered more oil in the Alberta’s oil sands boosting its rank to # 3 in the world behind Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. The World and Its People, p. 162, The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2005 Government involvement in the economy.

100 Economic Systems Australia 82% United States 75.5% Pure Market Data based on 2013 6th Grade- This information is meant to be used in conjunction with the 6th and 7th grade Teacher Notes. For additional resources, go to GeorgiaStandards.org. (Note: This is not an expectation for students to memorize numbers, but to understand that factors that influence specific countries to move more towards a command or market economy). The numbering system is based on The Heritage Foundation’s Economic Freedom Index 2009 The Heritage Foundation is a conservative organization that has partnered with the Wall Street Journal for over a decade to evaluate each country based on a set of 10 criteria to determine economic freedom. Update information using resources listed in the Teacher Notes. 100 Pure Command Pure Market Mixed Economy

Australia’s Economy Today Economic Freedom Index Score 82 Australia’s Economy Today Australia’s economy has experienced continuous growth and features low unemployment. Contained inflation: meaning goods and services have stable costs from year to year Very low public debt Strong and stable financial system 20 years of economic growth averaging 3.5% a year Demand for resources from China and Asia has grown rapidly, creating a channel for resources investments and growth in commodity exports.

Australia’s Economy Continued 70% of the GDP is in the Services and 75% of the jobs Banking system has remained strong despite the financial crisis in 2008-2009 Surge in trade, exporter of natural resources, energy, and food High Levels of Foreign Investments due to: Coal, iron, copper, gold, natural gas, uranium, and renewable energy

Australia’s Economy Continued Australia is an open market with minimal restrictions on imports of goods and services. Australia is working with the World Trade Organization, APEC, G20, which opens up trade with many countries: Chile Malaysia New Zealand Singapore Thailand United States Canada Mexico Peru Singapore Vietnam Japan Indonesia India

Closing What is an economic continuum? Student One: What does an economic continuum tell us about a country? Student Two:

Trade Barrier also called protective Trade Barriers Obertopia Protective Trade Barriers Video Barrier=wall Something that prevents trade Examples: Tariff Quota Embargo Geography (geography that prevents easy trade, like mountains, oceans, etc.)

Tariff a tax that the government puts on imported or exported goods. This protects your citizens businesses from foreign businesses by making the foreign products more expensive to buy!

Quota The amount of something that is allowed or admitted Examples: A restriction on the quantity (number) of a good that can be imported during a specific time period would be called an “import quota”. If the United States government only allows 50 tons of corn to be imported into the US each year, this would also be called an “import quota”. If your teacher has given you 20 minutes to work on an assignment, your “time quota” is 20 minutes.

More QUOTA examples Money Quota: Your parents give you $20 a week to spend. Once you spend all $20, you have met your “money quota”. You will not receive any more money until next week. Gas Quota: If you drive a company car and your work gives you one tank of gas for a week, then once you use all the gas in the car, you have met your “gas quota”. You will not receive any more gas until next week. Paper Quota: Your job only allows you to use 1,000 sheets of paper per year. If you use all 1,000 sheets, then you have met your “paper quota”. You will not receive any more paper until next year.

Example of why QUOTAS are used:

Embargo A government order prohibiting the movement of merchant ships into or out of its ports. A government restriction on trade with a foreign nation.

Closing What are the protective trade barriers, and what is their purpose? Student One: Student Two: Student Three:

International Trade The sale of goods or services across country borders Trade between different countries This requires a system of exchanging currency.

Voluntary Trade When two countries both benefit from trade and they voluntarily decide to trade with one another Country B Country A

Currency A unit of exchange for goods or services The money in circulation in any country A long time ago our money was based on the barter system, BUT it did not work out when the good you wanted did not match the good the person had to trade you. Currency allowed you to trade, but receive a commodity/cash that would allow you to go to another individual to get the good you needed as well.

Every country needs a system for exchanging its currency: Exchange Rate Video Why is it that a system of exchange is necessary between countries when they trade internationally? Businessmen in the United States may want a natural resource to create a product, but they need it from another country, say Canada. US businessman needs Redwood Lumbar from Canada Canada Lumbar Company states it will cost 50,000 Canadian Dollars The US businessman has to determine how many US dollars it will cost him to pay 50,000 Canadian Dollars to the Canadian Lumbar Co. in order to get the natural resource needed to create his product. A system of exchanging national currency is needed. $.998 US Dollar = 1.00 Canadian Dollars 50,000 Canadian Dollars = 49,900

What are the factors of production? United Streaming Video List the factors of production: Human Capital Capital Goods Entrepreneurs Natural Resources Investing in each of these areas will help to increase your economic growth (GDP)

Capital Good The “stuff” used to make other goods Examples: Machines Obertopia Capital Goods Video The “stuff” used to make other goods Examples: Machines Ice machine Coin press Factories A car manufacturing plant Technology Computers Software Economic Growth Factor: How can we tell if a country is investing in their CAPITAL?

If you said check their Literacy Rate, I am so impressed! Human Capital If you said check their Literacy Rate, I am so impressed! Obertopia Human Capital Video The skills that humans have to build things or perform services. Examples: A worker in a factory A hair stylist An actor Waiter/waitress A person who mows lawns Investing in citizens either with time training them for a specific skill or money through formally educating them through K-12 and college level. Economic Growth Factor: How can we tell if a country is investing in their HUMAN CAPITAL?

Investment in Human Capital If a country does not invest in the education, training, and skills of its people its poverty rate will be higher. What does the chart show about living in poverty and obtain an education? The sample was the age population 17-22 years old

Why having an education is important to the citizen having a higher standard of living, but also the nation’s GDP!

The more education you receive the more earning power you will have.

Education Pays Poor people apparently have lower college completion rates, which confirms prior intuition: poor families may not be able to pay the cost of education, or other burdens of poverty such as bad health may make it difficult to complete college. It’s a vicious circle: poverty makes it harder to get an education, and lack of a good education makes it more likely that you are poor. Unsurprisingly, average income is substantially different for people of different education levels, with high average incomes practically a prerogative for the better educated:

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) The total value of all the goods and services produced within the borders of a nation during a specific time period (usually a year). Often an indicator of Standard of Living (just like the literacy rate) Obertopia GDP and GDP per Capita Video Atlanta Federal Reserve view of GDP as an indicator of economic growth video

Natural Resource Any product that comes from nature Examples: Oil, coal, natural gas Vegetables and fruits Cotton Sheep and cows Gold and silver How do natural resources affect an economy of a country? Production of goods/services If a country is lacking a natural resource they must import the ones they need. (adds to costs of goods and services) If a country has many natural resources they can export then it will raise their standard of living. Voluntary Trade: each country benefits from the exchange

Entrepreneur/Entrepreneurship When a person organizes and manages a business. Are willing to risk everything for the possibility of gaining a profit Economic Growth Factor: How can we tell if a country is investing in their citizens as entrepreneurs?

Unemployment The labor force divided by the number of citizens that do not have a job… This can be due to lay offs from companies and people are actively seeking another job. This can be from people not having the skills that that jobs require in order to obtain it. This can be due to there not being enough jobs available for citizens. Video on Understanding Unemployment

Creating your own business plan: Use the knowledge gained to create your own business plan by analyzing the different countries economy’s and the presence or absence of the economic growth factors. Critical Thinking DOK 4 Advanced Project Rubric will be given out in class.