Design Study High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) Collaborative Project FP7-INFRASTRUCTURE-2010 By Lucio Rossi – CERN 1st Meeting @ CERN 20 July

LHC and EU Particle Physics Lisbona 2006 The European strategy for particle physics … Scientific activities 3. The LHC will be the energy frontier machine for the foreseeable future, maintaining European leadership in the field; the highest priority is to fully exploit the physics potential of the LHC, resources for completion of the initial programme have to be secured such that machine and experiments can operate optimally at their design performance. A subsequent major luminosity upgrade (SLHC), motivated by physics results and operation experience, will be enabled by focussed R&D; to this end, R&D for machine and detectors has to be vigorously pursued now and centrally organized towards a luminosity upgrade by around 2015. Statement is perfectly actual and valid However the date must be shifted 5 years 1 y of delay in LHC and detector commissioning 2 y for the incident and for next splice consolidation 2 y more of operation to reach ~500 fb-1 (Int. Lumi per year ~ 50 fb-1, not 100 !) 20 July 2010 L. Rossi - HL-LHC Design Study

L. Rossi - HL-LHC Design Study The baseline in 2003-2006 Radiation damage limit ~700 fb-1 Paper of J. Strait et al. PAC2003 Need of change in 2013 -15. Main hardware: HF Quadrupole magnets for 13-15 T New program (in // to LHC construction) US-LARP in US in 2003 (6 MCHF/y 2006-13) – based on a Nb3Sn DOE program 1998-2010 FP6-CARE : NED JRA to develop EU Nb3Sn in 2004-08 . Its positive effects NOW! FP7 EuCard IA: WP on HFM 2009-2012 In 2007 new – anticipated – scenario : Nb3Sn not ready before 2015-17 Decision to target a first upgrade in 2012-13 Phase 1 based on Nb-Ti Ø=120 mm FP7 SLHC-PP launched for 2008-2010 20 July 2010 L. Rossi - HL-LHC Design Study

Updated LHC lumi vs. (end of) year 20 July 2010 L. Rossi - HL-LHC Design Study Courtesy of M. Lamont, spring 2010

MTP “Observations from the DG” From S. Myers Thus, the MTP assumes the feasibility of the energy upgrade of the PS Booster and does not include the start of the LP-SPL and PS2 construction as of 2013 In order to optimize the strategy towards the HL-LHC, with the goal of maximizing the integrated luminosity useful for physics, Management has set up a task force. A preliminary recommendation from this task force is to delay the inner triplet replacement to a single HL-LHC upgrade around 2020. Now at CERN a project has been set lead by Lucio Rossi (Oliver Bruning, deputy). 20 July 2010 L. Rossi - HL-LHC Design Study

What needs for average lumi 5x1034 New lay-out of some part of LHC Improve some correctors Commissioning @ 600-650 A the lattice sextupoles New MQT corrector scheme using existing spare 600 A bus bars Re-commissioning DS quads at higher gradient Review MSs Change of New Q5/Q4 (larger aperture), with new stronger corrector orbit, displacements of few magnets Larger aperture D2 (may be other actions, more quads in points 6 and 7) Displacement of Power Converters & DFBs at least of Inner Triplets but also of OTHER equipment on surface by means of SC links. Cryo-plant for RF in point 4 : 5-7 kW @ 4.5 K 20 July 2010 L. Rossi - HL-LHC Design Study

The main ingredient of the upgrade IR Quads High Gradient/Large Aperture Quads, with Bpeak 13-15 T. Higher field quadrupoles translate in higher gradient/shorter length or larger aperture/same length or a mix . US-LARP engaged to produce proof by 2013. Construction is 1 year more than Nb-Ti : by 2018 is a prudent assumption.  as small as 22 cm are possible with a factor 2.5 in luminosity by itself, if coupled with a mechanism to compensate the geometrical reduction. If a new way of correcting chromatic aberration could be found,  as small as 10-12 cm can be eventually envisaged. 20 July 2010 L. Rossi - HL-LHC Design Study

L. Rossi - HL-LHC Design Study HF Nb3Sn Quad Nb3Sn is becoming a reality (first LQ long -3.6 m – quad 90 mm) This year we expect a second LQ and a 1 m long - 120 mm aperture model In 3 years: 4-6 m long magnets, 120 mm ap., G=180-200 T/m 4.5 K ~3 K 1.9 K Note: LQS01 & TQS02 use same strand design (RRP 54/61) 200 T/m 20 July 2010 L. Rossi - HL-LHC Design Study

The main ingredient of the upgrade RF Crab cavities Crab Cavities: this is the best candidate for exploiting small  (for  around nominal only +15%). However it should be underlined that today Crab Cavities are not validated for LHC , not even conceptually: the issue of machine protection should be addressed with priority. Global Scheme. 1 cavity in IP4, Proof on LHC, good for 1 X-ing. Semi-global; it may work!(JP Koutchouck) Local scheme; 1 cavity per IP side. Maybe local doglegs needed. Early Separation Scheme could be an alternative (or a complement) Both scheme, Crab Cavities and ESS provide a simple mean to do levelling 20 July 2010 L. Rossi - HL-LHC Design Study

L. Rossi - HL-LHC Design Study Crab Cavities qc Elliptical 800 MHz not far from being designed. Require 400 mm beam-beam 400 MHz small cavity under conceptual study, they can (?) fit in 194 mm beam-beam. Required for final solution Ref. : F. Zimmermann, Ed Ciapala 20 July 2010 L. Rossi - HL-LHC Design Study

Making the system capable to swallow 2-4 kW per IP New Cryoplants in IP1 & IP5: for power AND to make independent Arc- IR: 2.8 kW @ 1.8 K scales as 5.2 kW @ 2 K (for 1 set of cold compressor) Special dedicated collimation system (also for background) and Machine protection Robotics for remote manipulation Dismantling present Triplet Installation HL-LHC Maintenance Dismounting HL-LHC ??? 20 July 2010 L. Rossi - HL-LHC Design Study

It is new entire project  we need a Design Study The work od SLHC-PP has been essential to arrive to thsi pointz and most of it will be used Scope of the HL-LHC DS: Carry out the study to produce a consistent design to reach 5 1034 with levelling, allow LHC to reach the goal of 1000 fb-1 by 2025 Exploring in details all solutions and paths for the upgrade, both in terms of LHC operational mode and hardware changes Producing by end 2013 a PDR (Preliminary Design Report) enabling the CERN Council, to make a choice about the configuration of LHC upgrade. Producing by end of 2014/half 2015 a TDR (Technical Design Report) of the selected path for the upgrade defining the maximum goal for the LHC luminosity 20 July 2010 L. Rossi - HL-LHC Design Study

L. Rossi - HL-LHC Design Study New CERN plan Already in: new Cryo P4 CC in P4 – possibly 11 T dipole for DS in 2016 HL-LHC is well anchored in the program of CERN. However the prgram may suffer from reduction of budget, shift in the LHC schedule… But it may be required to compensate SHORTFALL in LHC… 20 July 2010 L. Rossi - HL-LHC Design Study

L. Rossi - HL-LHC Design Study Resources 10 M€ total cost over 4 years: July 2011-2015 Reimbursment by EU 40% may be reimbursed by EU CERN offers by free the technical development, but will be reimbursed 100% for management. Exception for fellow? We need to use EuCard (and other program) Most of resources on personnel Some hardware, especially for orphan items Generate positive attitude in other labs: KEK has put (with no engagments 10 MCHF + 50 MCHF for HL-LHC-Magnets R&D and construction…) US-LARP Magnets R&D is perhaps getting reinforced … Non EU labs can participate to governance (but no EU funds) The names herein are CERN coordinators: each of it will be joined by a non-CERN coordinator. Except project Coordinator, the co-ordinator ijn charge for two years, nominate by the governing board. 20 July 2010 L. Rossi - HL-LHC Design Study

WP 1 – Management Lucio Rossi Main tasks General management of the DS and link with other similar entities outside EU General plan and coherence of the parameters Risk Analysis and mitigation plans Coordination with the LHC machines performance and planning LHC INJ requirements Coordination with Physics requirement Link to outside partner Synergy with HE-LHC design feature Outreach and dissemination Radioprotection & Legal Enviroment impact Participant: CERN 20 July 2010 L. Rossi - HL-LHC Design Study

WP2 – Beam Physics and Lay-out Oliver Bruning Topics: Investigate the parameter space: optics (beta*, beta* aspect ratio) and “moderately” the beam parameters (beam pattern, bunch charge, emittance, bunch length) to establish a baseline corresponding to a peak luminosity ≥ 5E34 without head-on collision tools (crab-cavities, D0 or b-b wire) . Specify, organise and participate to dedicated LHC machine studies to validate some specific aspects the proposed baseline (e.g. off-momentum beta-beating correction, two-stages squeeze concept of the low-beta IR’s and flat beam optics). Study and establish a short list of additional ingredients (head-on collision tools, more aggressive beam parameters, e.g. so-called LPA scheme) to reach the integrated luminosity goal (5E34 average lumi per coast after levelling). Develop and maintain consistency in the parameters and modelling for any kind of beam dynamics studies (dynamic aperture, beam-beam and dedicated studies in collaboration with the collimation and crab-cavity work-packages): Develop new physical model and numerical tools (e.g. beam-beam kick induced by a fully 6D coupled strong beam for simulations with crab-cavities). Provide a consistent infrastructure (HL-LHC sequence, optics, aperture model, model for magnet field imperfections, Mad-X reference jobs). Interface with WP3 to specify the main parameters and layout of the HL-LHC new magnets (IT, D1, D2, Q4) and additional hardware modifications or tests needed in the LHC Ring (magnet re-commissioning at higher than nominal currents, layout modifications in other LHC insertions as IR6 or IR4). 20 July 2010 L. Rossi - HL-LHC Design Study

L. Rossi - HL-LHC Design Study WP 2 cont. Partners CERN US LARP KEK INFN CEA-CNRS UK (CKI) ? German Universities KIT ? ES (Valencia) ? PSI ? EPFL ? 20 July 2010 L. Rossi - HL-LHC Design Study

WP3 -Magnet Design Ezio Todesco Main topics Magnet lay-out modification (with WP2) NbTi assesment and parameters for IR and MSs New Magnet Corrector Design NbSn assessment and parameters for IR and DS Assessment of new technology for IR (HTS for magnetized TAS, etc…) Sc links and PC relocation Synergy with HE-LHC technolgy Participation CERN UniGe CEA INFN Uni SouthHampton US-LARP KEK STCF-RAL ? 20 July 2010 L. Rossi - HL-LHC Design Study

WP4: Crab Cavity Design (1/2) Ed Ciapala Main cavity topics: Design optimization for novel schemes (minimum # of peripherals) Cavity and cryomodule specifications (LHC report) Simulations (Couplers, tuner, MP, mechanical, thermal, …) Fabrication and measurements on copper models field profile, impedance, errors) Demonstration of field gradients in compact cavities (4 structures) Q-slope, onset of field emission and quench Performance, decide between 2K and 4K Coupler and tuner development and testing Study of mech. resonances, microphonics Performance with couplers and horizontal cryostat Performance with beam (e.g. SPS - impedance, collimation) Interlocks and fast Feedback (other measures like Qext) Common power and cryogenic systems across the IPs (?) LLRF and controls 20 July 2010 L. Rossi - HL-LHC Design Study

WP4: Crab Cavity Design (2/2) Main CC with beam topics RF behavior for cavity quench or turbulent behavior Tracking simulations for loss maps for fast failure modes (with WP 6 “Machine protection”) Beam-beam simulations to investigate instabilities, noise issues and DA (with WP 2 “Beam physics”) Impedance and growth rate estimates for specific HOMs to specify exact damping and feedback measures Effect of non-zero dispersion and stable working points (with WP 2 “Beam physics”) Crab consistent optics (with WP 2 “Beam physics”) Potential participants: CERN Cockcroft Institute (U Lanc) US-LARP KEK CEA 20 July 2010 L. Rossi - HL-LHC Design Study

WP5 – Collimation & Beam Losses Ralph Assmann Topics: Design of modified IR collimation system for the 2018-20 high luminosity upgrade. IR loss-maps and support for background studies. Impact of upgrades (e.g. crab cavities, off-momentum beta beat) on the collimation system. Collimators, absorbers, … for the high luminosity upgrade. Does not include the high intensity upgrade of the collimation system presently foreseen for 2014/15. Participants CERN LARP/FNAL (N. Mokhov) RHUL (G. Blair) University Valencia (A. Faus-Golfe) 20 July 2010 L. Rossi - HL-LHC Design Study

WP6 – Machine Protection Jorg Wenninger Content Dump Kicker Failure scenario Safety of new equipment Interlock mangement Partecipants: CERN ? 20 July 2010 L. Rossi - HL-LHC Design Study

WP7 -Machine-Experiment Interface Austin Ball, Marzio Nessi Content Strategy, operation mode, beam types L* and Absorber, aligment Backgrounds (with WP5) Early separation scheme Integration Interlocks Partecipants CERN ATLAS & CMS ? 20 July 2010 L. Rossi - HL-LHC Design Study

L. Rossi - HL-LHC Design Study Milestone 20 July : Meeting with our EU (US-J ?) partners 10 August: second draft September : 2nd Meeting September : visit Brux.? 1 October: near to final draft 15 October last meeting with approval of docum. 1 Nov : submission Deadline is 15 November Lucio + Oliver + all Lucio Lucio & Oliver + all Lucio & JPK +… Lucio & Oliver All to meet it !!! 20 July 2010 L. Rossi - HL-LHC Design Study