Vocabulary Unit 3 Level E

adversary Connotation: neutral Etymology: early 14c., aduersere, from Anglo-Fr. adverser (13c.), from O.Fr. adversier, from L. adversarius "opponent, adversary, rival," lit. "turned toward one," from adversus "turned against" (see adverse). Word Structure: prefix ad- means toward; root vers = turn

alienate Connotation: Negative Etymology:1400–50; late Middle English < Latin aliēnātus  (past participle of aliēnāre), equivalent to aliēn Word Structure: verb suffix –ate = to become, produce, or treat

artifice Connotation: Negative Etymology:1525–35; Anglo-French < Latin artificium  craftsmanship, art, craftiness

coerce Connotation: Negative Etymology:1425–75; late Middle English < Latin coercēre to hold in, restrain

craven Connotation: Negative Etymology:1175–1225; Middle English cravant, cravaunde  defeated < Old French craventé,  past participle of cravanter  to crush, overwhelm

culinary Connotation: Neutral Etymology: 1630–40; < Latin culīnārius of the kitchen, equivalent to culīn = kitchen, food + -ārius

demise Connotation: Negative Etymology:1400–50; late Middle English dimis < Old French demis (past participle of desmetre ) < Latin dīmissum (past participle of dīmittere ); see dismiss

exhilarate Connotation: Positive Etymology: 1530–40; < Latin exhilarātus past participle of exhilarāre to gladden, equivalent to ex- + hilarāre to cheer ( see hilarity)

fallow Connotation: negative Etymology:1275–1325; Middle English falwe; compare Old English fealga, plural of *fealh, as gloss of Medieval Latin occas harrows

harass Connotation: Negative Etymology:1610–20; < French, Middle French harasser  to harry, harass, v. derivative of harace, harache  (in phrase courre a la harace  pursue) = hare  cry used to urge dogs on (< Frankish *hara  here, from this side

inclement Connotation: Negative Etymology: 1615–25; < Latin inclēment, equivalent to in- + clement =mild, merciful

Liquidate Connotation: neutral Etymology: c.1575, "to reduce to order, to set out clearly" (of accounts), from L.L liquidare "to melt, make liquid or clear, clarify," (see liquid). Sense of "clear away" (a debt) first recorded 1755. The meaning "wipe out, kill" is from 1924

muse Connotation: Positive Etymology:1300–50; Middle English musen to mutter, gaze meditatively on, be astonished

negligible Connotation: neutral Etymology: 1820–30; < Latin neglig (ere) to neglect + -ible

perpetuate Connotation: neutral Etymology: 1520–30; < Latin perpetuātus (past participle of perpetuāre, derivative of perpetuus uninterrupted).

precedent Connotation: Neutral/Positive Etymology: 1350–1400; (adj.) Middle English < Latin praecēdent- to go before, precede

punitive Connotation: Negative Etymology: 1615–25; < Medieval Latin pūnītīvus of punishment, (past participle of pūnīre to punish)

redress Connotation: Neutral Etymology: 1275–1325; (v.) Middle English redressen < Middle French redresser, Old French redrecier, equivalent to re- + drecier to straighten ( see dress)

sojourn Connotation: Neutral Etymology: 1200–50; (v.) Middle English sojurnen < Old French sojorner to rest, stay < see journey

urbane Connotation: Neutral Etymology: 1610–20; < Latin urbānus, equivalent to urb- city