MATH 3286 Mathematics of Finance Instructor: Dr. Alexandre Karassev

COURSE OUTLINE Theory of Interest Life Insurance Interest: the basic theory Interest: basic applications Annuities Amortization and sinking funds Bonds Life Insurance Preparation for life contingencies Life tables and population problems Life annuities Life insurance

Chapter 1 INTEREST: THE BASIC THEORY Accumulation Function Simple Interest Compound Interest Present Value and Discount Nominal Rate of Interest Force of Interest

1.1 ACCUMULATION FUNCTION Definitions The amount of money initially invested is called the principal. The amount of money principal has grown to after the time period is called the accumulated value and is denoted by A(t) – amount function. t ≥0 is measured in years (for the moment) Define Accumulation function a(t)=A(t)/A(0) A(0)=principal a(0)=1 A(t)=A(0)∙a(t)

Natural assumptions on a(t) increasing (piece-wise) continuous (0,1) a(t) t (0,1) a(t) t (0,1) t a(t) Note: a(0)=1

Definition of Interest and Rate of Interest Interest = Accumulated Value – Principal: Interest = A(t) – A(0) Effective rate of interest i (per year): Effective rate of interest in nth year in:

Example (p. 5) a(t)=t2+t+1 Verify that a(0)=1 Show that a(t) is increasing for all t ≥ 0 Is a(t) continuous? Find the effective rate of interest i for a(t) Find in

( ≡ Two Types of Accumulation Functions) Two Types of Interest ( ≡ Two Types of Accumulation Functions) Simple interest: only principal earns interest beneficial for short term (1 year) easy to describe Compound interest: interest earns interest beneficial for long term the most important type of accumulation function

1.2 SIMPLE INTEREST a(t)=1+it, t ≥0 (0,1) t a(t) =1+it 1 1+i Amount function: A(t)=A(0) ∙a(t)=A(0)(1+it) Effective rate is i Effective rate in nth year:

a(t)=1+it Example (p. 5) A(0)=1000 i=0.15 Jack borrows 1000 from the bank on January 1, 1996 at a rate of 15% simple interest per year. How much does he owe on January 17, 1996? Solution A(0)=1000 i=0.15 A(t)=A(0)(1+it)=1000(1+0.15t) t=?

How to calculate t in practice? Exact simple interest number of days 365 Ordinary simple interest (Banker’s Rule) number of days 360 t = t= Number of days: count the last day but not the first

A(t)=1000(1+0.15t) Exact simple interest Number of days (from Jan 1 to Jan 17) = 16 Exact simple interest t=16/365 A(t)=1000(1+0.15 ∙ 16/365) = 1006.58 Ordinary simple interest (Banker’s Rule) t=16/360 A(t)=1000(1+0.15 ∙ 16/360) = 1006.67

1.3 COMPOUND INTEREST Interest earns interest After one year: a(1) = 1+i After two years: a(2) = 1+i+i(1+i) = (1+i)(1+i)=(1+i)2 Similarly after n years: a(n) = (1+i)n

a(t)=(1+i)t COMPOUND INTEREST Accumulation Function Amount function: A(t)=A(0) ∙a(t)=A(0) (1+i)t Effective rate is i Moreover effective rate in nth year is i (effective rate is constant): a(t)=(1+i)t (0,1) t a(t)=(1+i)t 1 1+i 1+it

How to evaluate a(t)? If t is not an integer, first find the value for the integral values immediately before and after Use linear interpolation Thus, compound interest is used for integral values of t and simple interest is used between integral values 1 t a(t)=(1+i)t 1+i 2 (1+i)2

Example (p. 8) a(t)=(1+i)t A(t)=A(0)(1+i)t A(t)=1000(1+0.15)t Jack borrows 1000 at 15% compound interest. How much does he owe after 2 years? How much does he owe after 57 days, assuming compound interest between integral durations? How much does he owe after 1 year and 57 days, under the same assumptions as in (b)? How much does he owe after 1 year and 57 days, assuming linear interpolation between integral durations In how many years will his principal have accumulated to 2000? a(t)=(1+i)t A(t)=A(0)(1+i)t A(0)=1000, i=0.15 A(t)=1000(1+0.15)t

1.4 PRESENT VALUE AND DISCOUNT Definition The amount of money that will accumulate to the principal over t years is called the present value t years in the past. PRESENT VALUE PRINCIPAL ACCUMULATED VALUE

Calculation of present value t=1, principal = 1 Let v denote the present value v (1+i)=1 v=1/(1+i)

In general: v=1/(1+i) t is arbitrary a(t)=(1+i)t [the present value of 1 (t years in the past)]∙ (1+i)t = 1 the present value of 1 (t years in the past) = 1/ (1+i)t = vt

a(t)=(1+i)t gives the value of one unit (at time 0) at any time t, past or future (0,1) t a(t)=(1+i)t

If principal is not equal to 1… present value = A(0) (1+i)t t < 0 t = 0 t > 0 PRESENT VALUE A(0) (1+i)t PRINCIPAL A (0) ACCUMULATED VALUE A(0) (1+i)t

Example (p. 11) Solution a(t)=(1+i)t The Kelly family buys a new house for 93,500 on May 1, 1996. How much was this house worth on May 1, 1992 if real estate prices have risen at a compound rate for 8 % per year during that period? Solution a(t)=(1+i)t Find present value of A(0) = 93,500 996 - 1992 = 4 years in the past t = - 4, i = 0.08 Present value = A(0) (1+i)t = 93,500 (1+0.8) -4 = 68,725.29

If simple interest is assumed… a (t) = 1 + it Let x denote the present value of one unit t years in the past x ∙a (t) = x (1 + it) =1 x = 1 / (1 + it) NOTE: In the last formula, t is positive t > 0

Thus, unlikely to the case of compound interest, we cannot use the same formula for present value and accumulated value in the case of simple interest a(t) =1+it a(t) =1+it 1 t 1 t 1 / (1 - it) 1 / (1 + it)

Discount Look at 112 as a basic amount We invest 100 Alternatively: Look at 112 as a basic amount Imagine that 12 were deducted from 112 at the beginning of the year Then 12 is amount of discount We invest 100 After one year it accumulates to 112 The interest 12 was added at the end of the term

Rate of Discount d = i = Definition Effective rate of discount d accumulated value after 1 year – principal accumulated value after 1 year A(1) – A(0) A(1) d = = A(0) ∙a(1)– A(0) A(0) ∙a(1) a(1) – 1 a(1) = = Recall: accumulated value after 1 year – principal principal i = a(1) – 1 a(0) =

In nth year…

Identities relating d to i and v Note: d < i

Present and accumulated values in terms of d: Present value = principal * (1-d)t Accumulated value = principal * [1/(1-d)t] If we consider positive and negative values of t then: a(t) = (1 - d)-t

Examples (p. 13) 1000 is to be accumulated by January 1, 1995 at a compound rate of discount of 9% per year. Find the present value on January 1, 1992 Find the value of i corresponding to d Jane deposits 1000 in a bank account on August 1, 1996. If the rate of compound interest is 7% per year, find the value of this deposit on August 1, 1994.

1.5 NOMINAL RATE OF INTEREST Example (p. 13) A man borrows 1000 at an effective rate of interest of 2% per month. How much does he owe after 3 years? Note: t is the number of effective interest periods in any particular problem

More examples… (p. 14) You want to take out a mortgage on a house and discover that a rate of interest is 12% per year. However, you find out that this rate is “convertible semi-annually”. Is 12% the effective rate of interest per year? Credit card charges 18% per year convertible monthly. Is 18% the effective rate of interest per year? Note: in both examples the given rates of interest (12% and 18%) were nominal rates of interest

Definition Suppose we have interest convertible m times per year The nominal rate of interest i(m) is defined so that i(m) / m is an effective rate of interest in 1/m part of a year

Note: If i is the effective rate of interest per year, it follows that In other words, i is the effective rate of interest convertible annually which is equivalent to the effective rate of interest i(m) /m convertible mthly. Equivalently:

Examples (p. 15) Find the accumulated value of 1000 after three years at a rate of interest of 24 % per year convertible monthly If i(6)=15% find the equivalent nominal rate of interest convertible semi-annually

Nominal rate of discount The nominal rate of discount d(m) is defined so that d(m) / m is an effective rate of interest in 1/m part of a year Formula:

Formula relating nominal rates of interest and discount

Example Find the nominal rate of discount convertible semiannualy which is equivalent to a nominal rate of interest of 12% convertible monthly

1.6 FORCE OF INTEREST What happens if the number m of periods is very large? One can consider mathematical model of interest which is convertible continuously Then the force of interest is the nominal rate of interest, convertible continuously

Definition Nominal rate of interest equivalent to i: Let m approach infinity: We define the force of interest δ equal to this limit:

Formula Force of interest δ = ln (1+i) Therefore eδ = 1+i and a (t) = (1+i)t =eδt Practical use of δ: the previous formula gives good approximation to a(t) when m is very large

Example A loan of 3000 is taken out on June 23, 1997. If the force of interest is 14%, find each of the following: The value of the loan on June 23, 2002 The value of i The value of i(12)

Remark The last formula shows that it is reasonable to define force of interest for arbitrary accumulation function a(t)

Definition Note: in general case, force of interest depends on t The force of interest corresponding to a(t): Note: in general case, force of interest depends on t it does not depend on t ↔ a(t)= (1+i)t !

Example (p. 19) Find in δt the case of simple interest Solution

How to find a(t) if we are given by δt ? We have: Consider differential equation in which a = a(t) is unknown function: Since a(0) = 1 its solution is given by

Applications Prove that if δt = δ is a constant then a(t) = (1+i)t for some i Prove that for any amount function A(t) we have: Note: δt dt represents the effective rate of interest over the infinitesimal “period of time” dt . Hence A(t)δt dt is the amount of interest earned in this period and the integral is the total amount

Remarks Do we need to define the force of discount? It turns out that the force of discount coincides with the force of interest! (Exercise: PROVE IT) Moreover, we have the following inequalities: and formulas: