NEXTECH and Carman Scan VG Your Partners for the Road Ahead!

What is the advantage of a Combination Data Scanner / Oscilloscope over a basic Data Scanner? A basic Data Scanner can perform the following functions: Read and Erase Fault codes Display Current Data to verify a fault exists. Perform Actuation tests. However, determining whether a fault is caused by a component failure, a wiring fault or a faulty ECM requires more than just a Scanner. The Carman Scan 1 and Carman Scan VG provide the technician with a complete solution for Diagnostics.

The use of an Oscilloscope is a necessity for pinpointing vehicle faults. During the course we will be studying the operation of the VG as well as the correct procedures required for testing a number of common components.

THE CARMAN SCAN VG TRAINING COURSE #1 OSCILLOSCOPE TRAINING

THE OSCILLOSCOPE

Hz % m/s VOLTAGE TIME 8v 6v 4v 2v 0v Hz = Frequency (Number of Pulses per second). % = Duty Cycle (On/Off Ratio). m/s = Time measurement.

The Lab Scope is one of the most valuable diagnostic tools available to the modern workshop today. It is commonly used to check: Supply voltage Voltage Drops (in power and earth circuits). AC Waveforms DC Waveforms (Square waves etc.) Pulse Signals

+ v 0 v - v TYPICAL AC WAVEFORM AC Waveforms are generated from such devices as: Alternators (before rectification) Crank Angle Sensors TDC Sensors Vehicle Speed Sensors Transmission Pulse Generators

5 v 0 v 5 v 0 v TYPICAL SQUARE WAVEFORM OFF ON ON OFF GROUND SWITCHED SIGNAL Duty Cycle 50% 0 v ON ON 5 v POSITIVELY SWITCHED SIGNAL Duty Cycle 50% 0 v OFF Square Waveforms are commonly used for inputs such as: Crank Angle Sensors, Camshaft Sensors, TDC Sensors, Vehicle Speed Sensors, MAP Sensors (Ford), Air Flow Sensors or outputs such as Idle Speed Control Motors

TYPICAL PULSE WAVEFORM VOLTAGE SPIKE SOLENOID PULSE SIGNAL 12 v 0 v Typical Solenoid Pulses include: Injectors; Canister Purge Solenoids etc.

SECONDARY IGNITION OSCILLOSCOPE

Typical Secondary Ignition Patterns

Secondary Ignition Specifications Ionization (Peak)Voltage Decay Section Burn Voltage Dwell Burn Time Specifications – Idle, No load Ionization (Peak)Voltage – 7-15 KV Burn Voltage – 1-2 KV Dwell – Depends on RPM Burn Time – 1-2 m/s

Oscilloscope Operation Carman Scan VG Oscilloscope Operation

Selecting Secondary Ignition

Touch the “OSCILLOSCOPE” Icon. Selecting Secondary Ignition Touch the “OSCILLOSCOPE” Icon.

Touch the“Ignition Waveform” Icon. Selecting Secondary Ignition Touch the“Ignition Waveform” Icon.

Select the number of cylinders to be tested. Selecting Secondary Ignition Select the number of cylinders to be tested.

Select the type of Ignition and the approximate idle speed. Selecting Secondary Ignition type Select the type of Ignition and the approximate idle speed.

Select the correct firing order from the list or make a Selecting Secondary Ignition firing order Select the correct firing order from the list or make a new one using the numbers in “other”.

Selecting Secondary Ignition Probe Type Press “SAVE” when completed Select the correct probe. E.g. “1 to1” when using a single probe, or “1 to 3” / “1 to 4” for Multi-Probes (DLI Ignition etc.)

Special Note: DLI Vehicles Conventional Ignition vehicles are normally “Negative” firing, and, therefore, the spark plugs fire from the centre electrode to the outer electrode of the plug. On DLI, Waste Spark vehicles, half of the cylinders are “Negative” firing, and therefore fire from the centre electrode to the outer electrode of the spark plug, whilst the other half of the cylinders (their mating cylinders) are “Positive”, firing from the outer electrode to the centre electrode. Please refer to the following diagram.

Distributor-less Ignition Operation Electron Flow

Conventional Ignition When connecting the VG to a conventional Ignition Vehicle, the Secondary Ignition pickup lead is connected to Channel 2 of the VG and the #1 Trigger lead is connected to Channel 3 DLI Waste Spark Ignition When connecting the VG to a DLI Vehicle, the “Positive” cylinders are connected to Channel 1 and the “Negative” cylinders, connected to Channel 2. The #1 Trigger lead is connected to Channel 3 as usual.

Determining the Positive and Negative firing cylinders If unsure which cylinders are Positive firing and which are Negative firing, simply take ONE secondary pickup lead and connect it to Channel 1 or Channel 2 of the VG. With the engine running, place the secondary pickup lead around one cylinder at a time. Any cylinders that produce an ignition pattern facing up the correct way on the scope are the correct Polarity for that channel. Any cylinders displaying an upside down pattern are incorrect polarity and therefore belong the the other Channel. Please refer to the following diagrams.

Correct Polarity for the channel selected. Note, the Ignition pattern is displayed the correct way up.

Incorrect Polarity for the channel selected. Connect this Cylinder to the other channel. Incorrect Polarity. Note, the Ignition pattern is displayed upside down.

Demonstration here of determining correct Polarity

SPLIT SCREEN (Default Screen) = Parade + Single Cylinder Note: This is a Waste Spark DIS vehicle. Mating Cylinders are: 1&4; 3&6; 5&2.

Screen Settings

Screen Settings Sets the “Voltage Scale” for the Parade and Single Cylinder Patterns. Sets the “Time Base” for the Parade Pattern only. Sets the “Trigger Level”. Adjust whenever Patterns are erratic or Cylinder #’s are erratic or missing. Allows the user to select which Single Cylinder will be displayed on the screen. Allows the screen to be changed to display the patterns as either: “Series”(Parade), “Single Cylinder”, “Trend Plot” or “3D”. Turns the “Information” display on or off.

Demonstration here of effects of incorrect Trigger level

Selecting a new “Single Cylinder” to be displayed To Select a new single cylinder, press “CYLINDER”, then press the cylinder #

Selecting a new “Single Cylinder” #6 Selected To Select one of the other two cylinders, press “MORE”.

Selecting a new “Single Cylinder” #3 Selected Selecting other Cylinders for display.

Demonstration here of Selecting a New Single Cylinder for Display

Changing Screen Displays

Selecting new screen displays To select new screen displays, Touch “SCREEN”

“Series” (Parade) Selected Touching “SERIES” displays the above Pattern

“Single Cylinder” Selected Touching “CYLINDER” displays the above Pattern

Selecting a New Single Cylinder

“Single Cylinder” Selected To display a different cylinder, press and then press “CYLINDER”.

Selecting a new Single Cylinder After pressing “CYLINDER”, press the “Cylinder #” required.

Selecting a new Single Cylinder To select a new cylinder, Touch the cylinder # required.

Trend Plots

“Peak Voltage” for each cylinder is being displayed on the right “Trend” Selected Cylinder #’s Peak Voltage “Peak Voltage” for each cylinder is being displayed on the right

“Dwell Time” for each cylinder is now being displayed on the right “Trend” Selected Dwell “Dwell Time” for each cylinder is now being displayed on the right

“Burn Voltage” for each cylinder is now being displayed on the right “Trend” Selected Burn Voltage “Burn Voltage” for each cylinder is now being displayed on the right

“Burn Time” for each cylinder is now being displayed on the right “Trend” Selected Burn Time “Burn Time” for each cylinder is now being displayed on the right

3 Dimensional Raster Patterns

“3D” (3 Dimensional) Raster or ladder Pattern Selected Touching “3D” displays the above Pattern

Demonstration here of Changing Screen Displays

Display for Open Circuit HT Lead

“Split Screen” with open circuit HT lead on # 5 Cylinder High Burn KV. Note: High Burn KV shown above.

“Series Screen” with open circuit HT lead on # 5 Cylinder High Peak KV High Burn KV Also note faulty pattern on #2 Cylinder (DIS mating cylinder for #5)

“Single Cylinder” with open circuit HT lead on # 5 Cylinder Note: High Peak Volts, High Burn Volts and Short Burn Time.

“Trend Plot” with open circuit HT lead on # 5 Cylinder High Peak KV High Peak KV High Peak KV Short Burn Time High Burn KV Note High Peak Voltage, High Burn Voltage and Low Burn Time on cylinders 5 and 2

“3D Screen” with open circuit HT lead on # 5 Cylinder Note High Peak KV, High Burn KV and Short Burn Time on Cylinders 5 and 2

Other Faulty Ignition Patterns High Resistance in HT Lead (High Negative Slope, with normal peak KV) Fouled Spark Plug or HT Leakage (High Negative Slope, with low peak KV) Lean Cylinder under Acceleration (High Positive Slope, under load)

Student Practical – Testing Secondary Ignition

Oscilloscope Operation VG LABSCOPE For the remainder of the course, all waveforms will be displayed live on your VG. Please follow setup screens as shown on the following slides.

Selecting Lab Scope Touch the “OSCILLOSCOPE” Icon.

Selecting Auto Setup Touch the“Auto Setup” Icon.

Selecting Auto Setup Select the type of signal to be tested and the channel to be used.

After selecting the type of signal and the channel press Selecting Auto Setup Press “SAVE” when completed After selecting the type of signal and the channel press “SAVE” to progress to Lab Scope screen.

Testing Crankshaft Position Sensors (Hall type) – Engine idling 20 m/s time-base is set for testing during “crank” conditions. If testing with the engine running reduce the time base. To change the time-base, touch the side arrows or select “SET TIME”

Testing Crankshaft Position Sensors (Hall type) – Engine idling To change the voltage level, touch the up/down arrows or select “SET VOLT”

Testing Crankshaft Position Sensors (Hall type) Voltage scale set to 2v (per division) Time-base adjusted to 2 m/s (per division) for testing with the engine running. Cylinder ID Signal. Typical Crank Angle Sensor signal at idle.

Changing the Screen Settings. Changing the Screen settings: To change the screen settings touch “SCREEN”

Changing the Screen Settings. Changing the Screen settings: “Waveform only” Screen selected

Changing the Screen Settings. Digital readings displayed Changing the Screen settings: “Digital Display” Screen selected

Changing the Screen Settings. Changing the Screen settings: To change grid settings touch “GRID”

Changing the Screen Settings. To change the grid settings, select one of the above on the left.

Changing the Screen Settings. To remove the grid (as seen above), touch

Changing the Screen Settings. To display quarter grid (as seen above), touch

Selecting a second channel

After selecting the second channel press “SAVE” to Selecting a second channel for testing Press “SAVE” when completed After selecting the second channel press “SAVE” to progress to Lab Scope screen.

Testing Crankshaft and Camshaft Position Sensors (Hall type) Crankshaft Position Sensor (CKP). Camshaft Position Sensor (CMP).

Testing Crankshaft and Camshaft Position Sensors (Hall type) Crankshaft Position Sensor (CKP). Camshaft Position Sensor (CMP). 5 m/s time base selected

Faulty Crank Angle Sensor Signals

Faulty Crank Angle Sensor Signal during crank. At first glance this pattern looks quite normal, however, if you study it closely you will see it’s definitely not normal. Problem was caused by a faulty Crank Angle Sensor Approx 1.0v Ground = 0v The vehicle here would not start as the hall sensor failed to switch the signal fully to ground (0v). Because of this, the ECM would not fire the Ignition.

Faulty Sensor signal captured on Carman Scan 1 Duty cycle varying. (Should have been a constant 50% duty cycle on this vehicle) The uneven duty cycle resulted in dramatic ignition timing problems, causing backfiring, misfiring and impossible driving conditions. Problem was caused by a “brand new” faulty Crank Angle Sensor.

Recording Please Note: 1. The VG is always “recording” whilst in the Lab Scope mode. 2. To end the recording, Press “STOP”. 3. If ‘STOP” is pressed before the full record time has elapsed, the VG will display a message to say it is “saving data, please wait” 4. The length of the record time will depend on the time base selected.

Recording waveforms To stop waveform recording, press “STOP”

Recording waveforms After pressing “STOP”, the above message will be displayed

Replaying the recorded waveform.

Replaying recorded waveforms Progression indicator. To replay the waveforms, Press the left arrow.

Recording waveforms To Pause the waveforms, Press the Pause. Waveform Paused. To Pause the waveforms, Press the Pause.

Recording waveforms To Save Recorded waveforms to the VG hard drive, Press “FILE”.

Recording waveforms After pressing “SAVE” the above message will be displayed whilst saving. Previously “saved” recordings can be found by pressing “OPEN”.

Zooming recorded waveforms Time base zoom Voltage zoom Previously recorded waveforms can be “Zoomed” in or out for better viewing by pressing “ZOOM”.

Recording waveforms Waveforms can be zoomed, both in voltage and time, by touching the arrows above.

Recording waveforms Note here that the time base has been divided by 2, making the time base 5 ms / div instead of 10 ms as it was when recorded. It may also be multiplied

Recording waveforms Note here that the voltage scale has been multiplied by 2, making the Voltage 1v / div instead of 2v as it was when recorded.

Trigger Settings Before discussing the various possible trigger settings available on the Carman Scan VG, it should be noted that in most cases the VG user doesn’t have to make any changes at all to trigger settings. This Powerful, user friendly Oscilloscope automatically sets all the basic scope settings ready for testing by any user, whether highly experienced or a total novice.

Setting a Trigger point on an Oscilloscope, gives the scope a reference point at which to start the pattern display on the screen. The trigger point can be set at any position, and on any channel of the scope. An example of using a trigger would be: When displaying Secondary Ignition patterns, the “trigger” pickup is attached to # 1 HT lead. This means that the first cylinder to be displayed on the screen will be # 1 (the trigger cylinder) followed by the remaining cylinders in the firing order. If we removed the trigger pickup, the patterns may still be displayed, however, there would be no way of identifying the correct cylinders on the screen as the scope would have no reference point.

When using a Lab scope, setting a trigger point will keep the pattern steady on the screen. If measuring signals on more than one channel at a time, the trigger can be set on any channel. Triggered signals on one channel can be referenced against signals on other channels for exact timing etc. E.G.1 Using a Trigger pickup on # 1 HT lead, you can reference exactly when # 1 spark plug or coil is being fired in relation to the Crankshaft Position Sensor (being measured on another channel). E.G.2 When testing the timing of the Camshaft Position Sensor to the Crankshaft Position Sensor, triggering the two patterns together will allow you to check the exact position of the sensors in relation to each other, without physically removing any parts.

Checking timing of CMP to CKP Sensors Crankshaft (CKP) and Camshaft (CMP) Sensors. Checking correct timing of CMP Sensor

Trigger Settings (Note: a trigger gives the scope a reference point, allowing the pattern to be repeated over and over again at the same position on the screen) Trigger on channel 1 Making changes to the trigger settings can be done by either touching the appropriate section on the screen or by touching “TRIGGER”

Trigger Settings Trigger on channel 1 To change trigger settings select one of the above.

Trigger Settings: After touching “TRIGGER” the following selections can be made. Trigger now on channel 2 Changing the Trigger channel - Touch “CHANNEL” or touch the screen here.

Trigger Settings: Moving the Trigger Point. Drag this to wherever you want To move the trigger point to a new position, simply touch the screen in the upper left section and drag the trigger point to a new position on the scope.

Trigger Settings: Changing the Trigger Type Triggering on a rising signal Oscilloscope triggered on a “Rising” signal. To make the oscilloscope trigger on a falling signal, touch “TYPE” or touch the screen here.

Trigger Settings: Changing the Trigger Type Triggering on a falling signal Oscilloscope now triggered on a falling signal.

Trigger Modes

The “mode” used to trigger the scope can be changed to suit the user or the test being performed. Trigger Modes available include: 1. “Auto” Mode (Default mode) In this mode the VG automatically displays the pattern, regardless of the Trigger level selected. 2. “Normal” Mode In this mode the pattern will not be displayed until the “preset” trigger voltage has been reached. If selected whilst patterns are currently being displayed, the patterns will be frozen on the screen until the correct trigger level has been set. 3. “Single” Mode (Snap-shot mode) In this mode the VG automatically freezes the patterns on the screen as soon as the correct trigger voltage has been reached.

Trigger Settings: Changing the Trigger Mode. To change the trigger mode from ‘Auto’ to ‘Normal’, touch “MODE” or touch the screen here.

Trigger Settings: Changing the Trigger Mode. Trigger mode changed from ‘Auto’ to ‘Normal’. Touch again to change from ‘Normal’ mode to ‘Single’ mode

Trigger Settings: Changing the Trigger Mode. Trigger mode changed from ‘Normal’ to ‘Single’.

Trigger Settings: Changing the Trigger Mode. When in ‘Single’ mode, the scope will capture a single screen shot only. To display a new screen shot touch “Run/Stop”

Testing Injector Patterns To test an injector pattern, connect one of the lab scope leads to the Negative terminal of the Injector to be tested.

After selecting Inject… and the Channel # Testing Injector Patterns Press “SAVE” when completed After selecting Inject… and the Channel # press “SAVE” to progress to Lab Scope screen.

Testing Injector Patterns Injector Off Spike ( Usually 70 – 100v). Battery volts. Battery volts. Zero volts. Injection Duration. Typical Injector Pattern at Idle. To check the exact injector duration use the Cursors.

Testing Injector Patterns Curser.# 1 To use the Cursers touch “CURSER” once to bring up the first curser. Drag the first curser to the start of injection. Touch “CURSER” again for the second Curser. Drag the second cursor to the end of injection.

Testing Injector Patterns Second Curser. The Injection duration (3.36 m/s is displayed as “SET TIME” at the bottom of the screen. The voltage difference is also displayed (13.25v)

Testing MAP and Throttle Position Sensors Engine drivability problems can often be caused by incorrect operation of MAP or Throttle Position Sensors. The Oscilloscope is an excellent way of testing both of these sensors for correct operation.

After selecting the second channel press “SAVE” to Testing Throttle Position Sensor and Map Sensor Signals Press “SAVE” when completed After selecting the second channel press “SAVE” to progress to Lab Scope screen.

Testing Throttle Position Sensor and Map Sensor Signals Full Throttle Throttle Position Sensor Signal Map Sensor Signal Maximum Vacuum during deceleration Check for smooth rise and fall in signals as accelerator is snapped open and closed.

Testing Throttle Position Sensor and Map Sensor Signals Approx 4.3v Throttle Position Sensor Signal Approx 0.35v Map Sensor Signal Approx 4.0v Approx 1.3v Approx 0.7v Typical Readings.

Testing Idle Control Motors Opening side Closing side

Testing Idle Control Motors With 3 wire type Idle Control Motors, the centre terminal is usually supplied with battery volts, while the two outside wires are switched to ground by the ECM using a variable duty cycle at a constant frequency. One side is the opening side and the other is the closing side. The duty cycle on one side is inversely proportional to the duty cycle on the other side. E.g. If the duty cycle on the opening side is 70%, the duty cycle on the closing side will be 30% and visa versa.

Testing ISC Duty Cycle Motor Type Off Opening Side = Approx 35% On Closing Side = Approx 65% Off On Testing IAC Motor at hot idle with no load.

Testing ISC Duty Cycle Motor Type Opening Side = Approx 42% Off On Off Closing Side = Approx 58% On Testing IAC Motor at hot idle with Air Conditioning on.

Testing Oxygen Sensors There are two main types of oxygen sensors used on vehicles today. 1. Zirconium (voltage generator type) 2. Titanium (variable resistor type) As the Oxygen sensor is such an important part of the “Closed Loop” feedback system, it is extremely important that you have a thorough understanding of the correct testing procedures. A faulty Oxygen Sensor not only has a detrimental affect on vehicle emissions and fuel economy, it can also cause dramatic drivability problems. The following is a description of the testing procedure for a Zirconium Oxygen Sensor.

Testing Oxygen Sensors

Selecting Oxygen Sensor Test Press “SAVE” when completed After selecting the type of oxygen sensor and the channel Press “SAVE” to progress to Lab Scope screen.

Good Oxygen Sensor Pattern at 2500 RPM Rich 1 Second 5 Crossovers Lean The “crossover” is the point where the 02 sensor signal crosses the midway (approx 500mv) point in the signal. The oxygen sensor’s speed is measured as the number of “Crossovers per Second”

Good Oxygen Sensor Pattern at Idle 1 Second 2 Crossovers Note the slower speed of the 02 Sensor at idle.

Bad Oxygen Sensor Pattern at 2500 RPM 02 sensor voltage staying high (approx 800mv) To test if the 02 sensor is causing the fault, disconnect an injector and check for a sharp drop in the signal. If the signal drops sharply the 02 sensor is OK and the high signal voltage is caused by an over rich air fuel ratio. This may be caused by an over-rich air fuel mixture or a faulty (possibly contaminated) 02 sensor.

Bad Oxygen Sensor Pattern at 2500 RPM Sharp drop in 02 sensor voltage as injector is disconnected This indicates that the high voltage is caused by an over rich air fuel ratio, not a faulty 02 sensor

Bad Oxygen Sensor Pattern at 2500 RPM To test if the 02 sensor is causing the fault, snap the throttle rapidly a few times or feed some LPG into the intake. If the 02 sensor voltage now increases the 02 sensor is OK and the low signal voltage is caused by a lean air fuel ratio. 02 sensor voltage staying low (0v) This may be caused by a lean air fuel mixture, a faulty 02 sensor or grounded wiring.

Bad Oxygen Sensor Pattern at 2500 RPM Sharp increase in 02 sensor voltage as throttle is snapped open a number of times. This indicates that the low voltage is caused by a lean air fuel ratio, not a faulty 02 sensor or grounded wiring.

Current Ramping There’s no doubt about the value of a current probe for quick accurate diagnosis. More and more technicians are now starting to realise the value and are using a low current probe to test things like: Fuel Pump operation/wear Ignition coil operation/available current Coil on plug and DIS operation Injector operation/available current

Testing Fuel Pump Waveforms (Using “Optional” Low Current probe). To test a fuel pump waveform, connect the low current probe around a single wire going to the fuel pump. The electrical condition of a fuel pump can be assessed by viewing the current waveform for irregularities. Fuel Pump wear can be determined before complete failure occurs.

Typical Fuel Pump Waveforms Good Fuel Pump Faulty Fuel Pump Faulty Fuel Pump

Testing Fuel Pump condition using VG Low current probe connected around fuel pump power supply wiring. Normal waveform for good Fuel Pump.

Testing DLI Ignition System using Low Current Probe Current Probe around coil power supply wire #1 Trigger Pickup Signal # 1 & 4 Spark Plugs firing here Dwell starts here # 1/4 Coil # 3/6 Coil # 5/2 Coil #1/4 Crank Angle Sensor Signal from 3 x sensor Normal waveforms.

AC Coupling Every signal we have tested up to this point has been with the Oscilloscope set to “DC” coupling. DC Coupling is the Default screen and is the best way to test most Sensors and Actuators etc. AC Coupling can be very valuable however for testing for “noise” on power supplies, checking Alternator diodes etc. or for testing Knock Sensor signals. Only Channel 1 can be AC Coupled

Channel 1 connected to vehicle battery with DC Coupling selected To select AC Coupling touch “AC”. Approx 14 volts 0 volts Note: Pattern is DC Coupled at this time Note: Only Channel 1 can be AC Coupled.

Channel 1 connected to vehicle battery with AC Coupling selected Pattern is now AC Coupled. Approx 14 volts AC Coupled Note: To check for any fluctuations in battery voltage change voltage scale to either 50m/v or 100m/v per div.

Channel 1 connected to vehicle battery with AC Coupling selected Voltage scale set to 100mv/Div Approx 14 volts AC Coupled Note: To check condition of Diodes, load Alternator by operating accessories. Maximum variation should be approximately 300m/v

Analysing by Trouble Type Another very Powerful feature of the Carman VG is a feature called “Analyse by Trouble Type”. With this feature, you can select from a list of possible faults or symptoms and the VG will automatically select the components to be tested for analysing the fault. Each component will be allocated a channel for testing and the Oscilloscope channels will be set up with appropriate voltage and time base settings.

Touch the“Analyse by Trouble Type” Icon. Analysing by Trouble Type Touch the“Analyse by Trouble Type” Icon.

Analysing by Trouble Type Vehicle Fault Press “SAVE” when completed After selecting the type of fault, the components requiring testing will be allocated their channels. Next select “SAVE” to progress to the Oscilloscope.

Analysing by Trouble Type Next select the type of sensors on the vehicle (highlighted in bold) and touch “OK” to progress to the Oscilloscope.

Analysing by Trouble Type Oscilloscope channels are now set ready for testing of components.

In Conclusion The knowledge gained by attending this course can only be of benefit if put into practice as soon as possible. Specialists are not created overnight. They are created by PRACTICE and the willing to learn. Diagnostics is not magic, it perfected by applying BASICS. A knowledge of how a system or component operates is one of the most valuable tools when trying to diagnose a problem. Study the operation of various components and you will find that it won’t matter what type of vehicle you are working on. They all operate in a very similar manner.

Nextech and Carman Scan VG Your Partners for the Road Ahead!