The National Off-Highway Equipment Environmental Outlook 2010 Randall-Reilly Construction Symposium Tuscaloosa, Alabama April 29, 2010

The National Off-Highway Equipment Environmental Outlook 2010 Randall-Reilly Construction Symposium Tuscaloosa, Alabama April 29, 2010

Construction Equipment Environmental Issues Air Quality EPA Non-Road Emission Regulations Engine Technologies State Initiatives Contracts and Bid Specification Noise Greenhouse Gases Topics Covered Today

Off-Highway Equipment Construction Equipment Mobile Equipment Backhoes Excavators Loaders Etc. Portable Equipment Generators Compressors Pumps Auxiliary Engines Etc.

Air Quality Particulate Matter (PM) Nitrogen Oxide (NO x ) Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Non-Methane Hydrocarbons (NMHC) Sulfur Opacity

Current Non-Attainment Areas PM counties Ozone 347 counties Total 408 counties

Non-Attainment Area Facts PM2.5 ~237 counties (based on latest EPA data) Ozone ~345 counties (based on latest EPA data) Total ~ counties

2011+ Non-Attainment Projection

NO x Byproduct of combustion especially at higher temperature Precursor to Ozone Lumped with NMHC in many emission standards

EPA Manufacturer Standards

EPA Non-Road Emission Regulations Exhaust After Treatment Required Exhaust After Treatment Required

Technologies to Achieve Standards Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) Nitrogen Enriched Air (NEA) Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

PM PM, PM10, PM2.5 Byproduct of incomplete combustion Classified as an air toxic in California

EPA Manufacturer Standards

EPA Non-Road Emission Regulations Exhaust After Treatment Required Exhaust After Treatment Required

Technologies to Achieve Standards Most NO x emission control strategies contribute to a decrease in PM emissions Diesel Oxidation Catalyst - 25% Diesel Particulate Filters - >85% Verified Diesel Emission Control Strategies (VDECS)

Tier 3 Technical Path NO x reduction: Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Particulate Matter (PM) reduction: Advanced Fuel Injection System

Interim Tier 4 Technical Path Exhaust Gas Air Inlet Compressed Air from Turbocharger VTG Turbo, plus Fixed turbo DPF DOC Intake Air Throttle EGR Valve Larger EGR Cooler NO x reduction: Additional Exhaust Recirculation Particulate Matter (PM) reduction: Higher fuel injection pressure Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) HC Injection

Final Tier 4 Possible Technology Additional NO x reduction with Urea-based Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Urea injected into exhaust 80% NO x reduction Urea Injection Exhaust Gas DPF HC Injection Intake Air Throttle SCR EGR Cooler EGR Valve Compressed Air from Turbocharger DOC Air Inlet VTG Turbo, plus Fixed turbo

Tier 4 Final (2010 On-Highway, 2014 Non-Road) Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Aftertreatment Requires urea injection into exhaust Urea freezes at 11°F

Sulfur Contributor to SO x (acid rain). Currently transitioning from low sulfur diesel fuel to ultra low sulfur diesel fuel (ULSD) nation wide. ULSD has 15ppm or less S. All emission control strategies work best using ULSD but engines do not.

Other Emission Reduction Strategies NO x and PM Emulsified Fuel Conversion to Natural Gas Electrification Hybrid Diesel Electric Designs Idling Restrictions

The Regulatory Movement California ARB Diesel Regulation Activities New York City Local Law 77 Connecticut Clean Air Construction Initiative Massachusetts Projects Virginia - Bid to Contractors Texas TERP

California Air Resources Board (ARB) Portable Diesel Engine Air Toxic Control Measure Stationary Diesel Engine Air Toxic Control Measure Carl Moyer Surplus Off-Road Opt- in for NO x (SOON) Program Off-road (In-Use) Diesel Regulation Up to 32 States are closely watching this regulation

- Connecticut - Delaware - Georgia - Illinois - Indiana - Kentucky - Maryland - Michigan - Missouri - New Jersey - New York - North Carolina - Ohio - Pennsylvania - Tennessee - Virginia - District of Columbia States Expressing an Interest in Adopting Californias Off-Road Rule

The Regulatory Movement (cont.) Lead Time Requirement for Californias Off-Road Rule to Take Effect in Other States California Adopts Rule States Must go Through their Rule Adoption Process The Rule Must be Identical to Californias The States Rule Must Provide a Minimum Two-Year Lead Time After Adoption Note: States do not need to wait for the California Rule to receive a federal preemption waiver before adopting their own Rule. EPA and the courts have consistently taken the position that a non-California state may adopt California standards that have not received a preemption waiver but that the state cannot enforce the rules until the California preemption waiver is granted.

New York City Local Law 77 Requires Best Available Technology (BAT) for construction equipment 50 hp or greater operated by agencies and contractors working within the city. BAT is technically feasible EPA or CARB verified devices, or others. Ultra low sulfur diesel fuel (ULSD) is also required.

CT Clean Air Construction Bid Specification Low Sulfur Diesel Diesel Oxidation Catalysts Diesel Particulate Filters Annual Review of CARB/EPA Verifications New Verifications Included in Following Years Bid Specifications Connecticut Clean Air Construction Initiative

Massachusetts Highway Department, Transportation Authority, Department of Environmental Protection all require at least a DOC on all project equipment. Example: The Big Dig more than 200 equipment retrofitted with DOCs The Regulatory Movement (cont.)

The following requirements were included in the bid specification: All Contractor and sub-contractor diesel powered non-road construction equipment with engine horsepower (HP) ratings of 60 HP and above…shall be retrofitted with Emission Control Devices in order to reduce diesel emissions. The Retrofit Emission Control Devices shall consist of oxidation catalysts, or similar retrofit equipment control technology that (1) is included on the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Verified Retrofit Technology List and (2) is verified by EPA or certified by the manufacturer to provide a minimum emissions reduction of 20% PM 10, 40% CO, and 50% HC. Tier 2, Tier 3 and Tier 4 Engines Exempt from this Requirement No contractor will allow any diesel-fueled commercial motor vehicles or diesel non-road construction equipment to idle for a period greater than 5 minutes. Virginia - Army Relocation of National Capitol Region Facilities to Fort Belvoir, VA

Texas Emissions Reductions Plan Provides incentive funding for retrofits and newer cleaner equipment Voluntary Texas Emissions Reductions Plan (TERP)

Since the 1972 passage of the Noise Control Act, noise has been regulated at every level of government National standards have been created to limit noise from vehicles and industrial equipment States have also required noise elements in planning documents Local ordinances mainly directed at construction noise are in place in thousands of cities and towns Most noise is treated at the nuisance level and not quantified for enforcement purposes Consult your local noise expert for additional information Noise

CO 2, N 2 O, CH 4 EPA mandatory greenhouse gas reporting for large stationary sources starts in 2011 for the 2010 calendar year. Industrial sources which includes construction sources account for 18% of GHG emissions, construction is in this. It is only a matter of time before GHGs from construction equipment will become subject to direct regulation. Greenhouse Gases (GHG)

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